Acts of Thomas

Acta Thomae

Standard abbreviation: Acts Thom.

Other titles: Acts of Judas Thomas, Acts and Consummation of the Holy Apostle Thomas

Clavis numbers: ECCA 125; CANT 245 (Hymn of the Pearl= CANT 249)

VIAF: 175807631; 175468741

Category: Apocryphal Acts

Related literature (most often revisions or abbreviations of the Acts): Acts of Thomas and His Wonderworking Skin; Acts of Thomas by Nicetas of Thessalonica; Encomium on Thomas by Nicetas the Paphlagonian; Hypomnema on Thomas by Symeon Metaphrastes; Miracles of Thomas; Passion of Thomas

Compiled by Jonathan Henry, Princeton University ([email protected])

Citing this resource (using Chicago Manual of Style): Henry, Jonathan. “Acts of Thomas.” e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha. Accessed DAY MONTH YEAR. https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/acts-of-thomas/.

Posted June, 2017. Current as of April 2023.

1. SUMMARY

The Acts of Thomas narrates the apostle Thomas’s miracles and preaching as he makes his way across India. The narratives are often a simple nature, and are supplemented by extended homilies, prayers, songs, and blessings. The number and extent of these spoken materials has attracted numerous additional materials to be added, of which the Hymn of the Pearl is the best known. The first act. The apostles divide the world amongst themselves, but Thomas refuses to go to India as instructed. Thomas’s Lord, Jesus, sells him to the merchant Habban, who promises to take him to be a craftsman for King Gudnaphar in India. En route, Thomas and Habban participate in a wedding banquet for a king’s daughter, at which Thomas sings a song about the church. Here he is assaulted by a cupbearer who then subsequently perishes for his treatment of the apostle, after which time a Hebrew flute player and some of the guests become convinced to listen to Thomas. Because of this, the king hears of Thomas, and he invites the apostle to pray for the bride-to-be and her groom in the bridal chamber. Jesus assumes the form of Thomas and preaches to the bride and groom; they convert, and do not engage in intercourse during the night. At first the king is angry for the conversion of his daughter to an encratic view of marriage, and he wishes to punish the apostle as a sorcerer, but he has already begun to move further into India. Later, however, numerous converts follow the message of Thomas, and journey to join him. The second act. The merchant Habban and Thomas reach their destination, and Habban delivers Thomas to King Gudnaphar to be his craftsman. The king tasks Thomas with building him a new palace, but Thomas instead distributes the building funds to charity. The king imprisons Thomas and Habban, but when the king’s brother Gad dies, he discovers that Thomas has actually built the king a palace in heaven. Gad is sent back to earth, and discloses the miracle to Gudnaphar, whereupon both of them are converted and celebrate the Eucharist with Thomas and others. The third act. Thomas and his companions discover a young man who has been slain by a wicked serpent. At the insistence of Thomas, the snake reveals his demonic identity. Thomas then requires the serpent to suck his own poison out of the dead youth, which results in the death of the serpent and the resurrection of the boy. The act closes with songs of praise and sermons on the benefits of the encratic life. The fourth act. A donkey approaches Thomas and asks to bear him into the city. At the request of Thomas, the donkey reveals its lineage from Balaam’s ass and the donkey that bore Jesus into Jerusalem. After Thomas rides the beast into the city, it dies, having fulfilled its purpose. The fifth act. In the city, Thomas meets a woman who has been tormented by an amorous demon for five years. Thomas casts out the demon, the woman and others are converted, and the new converts celebrate the Eucharist. The sixth act. Thomas meets a young man whose hands shriveled up when he took the Eucharist, and learns that this happened because he had murdered a woman who refused to forsake sexual activity. Thomas causes the woman to return from the grave, and she narrates the horrors of hell. Hymnic and sermonic discourses by Thomas follow these narrative events. The seventh act. A military captain named Sifur asks Thomas to heal his wife and daughter, both of whom have been miserably oppressed by demons for three years. Thomas appoints a deacon and offers public prayers, and then leaves with Sifur. The eighth act. The animals carrying Thomas and Sifur become too exhausted to pull their carriage, and Thomas enlists the aid of a herd of wild asses. Thomas sends one of the asses into Sifur’s home to exorcise the demons; the women become unresponsive. Thomas begins to carry out a discussion with the demons, one of which had previously been exorcised by Thomas. The ass and Thomas deliver hymns and exhortations, and Thomas in the end raises up the women and sends the asses back outside the city. The ninth act. A noblewoman named Mygdonia becomes convinced by the preaching of Thomas, and refuses to lie with Karish, her husband. Karish, concerned that Thomas is a sorcerer who has placed an enchantment over his wife, has the apostle brought before King Mazdai. Thomas is thrown in prison and sentenced to death. Two manuscripts (Vallicellanus B 35 and British Library Add. 14, 645) insert the Hymn of the Pearl at this point. Karish returns home to Mygdonia, and discovers that these actions have not cured her. The tenth act. Mygdonia continues to pursue another audience with Thomas, who comes to her and her nurse Narkia in secret; he baptizes them both, and they celebrate the Eucharist. Mazdai and Karish continue to threaten Thomas, but nothing changes Mygdonia’s heart. Thomas baptizes and celebrates the Eucharist with Sifur and his household. The eleventh act. Mazdai tells Tertia, his wife, to visit Mygdonia to convince her to take up her former way of life. Instead, Tertia is converted, and returns to Mazdai with the desire to convert him to Thomas’s way of life. Mazdai and Karish again arrest Thomas. The twelfth act. The king commands his son, Vizan, to manage the soldiers guarding Thomas. Vizan is convinced by Thomas’s message, and seeks to help Thomas escape. Mazdai, enraged, commands that Thomas be tortured with heated iron plates, but a flood of water erupts to protect Thomas from harm. When the water threatens to inundate the palace, the king begs Thomas to stop the flooding. Thomas is returned to prison, and he offers speeches and prayers of farewell. The thirteenth act and the Martyrdom of Thomas. Vizan asks Thomas to heal his wife, Manashar, with whom he has lived in chastity. Thomas heals her, and with everyone collected in Vizan’s house, the couple are baptized. Thomas returns to prison, and has one final confrontation with Mazdai. Mazdai commands that Thomas be taken outside of the city and put to death. After prayers and speeches (and after appointing Sifur to be a priest and Vizan to be a deacon), Thomas is executed by soldiers with spears, and is buried in the tombs occupied by ancient kings. An apparition of Thomas appears to Sifur and Vizan and encourages them to return to the city. Mazdai and Karish continue to afflict their wives, but do not persuade them to abandon chastity. Later, Mazdai’s son is afflicted by a demon, and a vision of Thomas tells Mazdai that he can be cured. Mazdai employs dust from the place where Thomas’s bones had previously rested as the cure for his son. Mazdai is convinced, and joins the others who had previously converted.

Named historical figures and characters: Abban, Adam (patriarch), Andrew (apostle), Balaam, Bartholomew (apostle), Caiaphas, Cain, Charisius, Esau, Eve (matriarch), Gad (brother of king Gundaphorus), Gundaphorus, Herod Antipas, James (son of Alphaeus), James (son of Zebedee), Jesus Christ, John (son of Zebedee), Judas (Iscariot), Judas (son of James), Marcia, Mary (Virgin), Matthew (apostle), Misdaeus, Mnesara, Mygdonia, Peter (apostle), Pharaoh (of Exodus), Philip (apostle), Simon (the Canaanite), Siphor, Tertia, Thomas (apostle), Vazan, Xenophon.

Geographical locations: Andrapolis (Sandaruk), Bethlehem, India, Jerusalem, Mesopotamia.

Geographical locations named only in the Hymn of the Pearl: Babylon, Beth Ellaye, Beth Kushan, Egypt, Gazak, Hyrkania, India, Maishan, Parthia, Sarbug.

2. RESOURCES

2.1.1 Online Resources: Text Resources

Note: The majority of open access resources online continue to rely on outdated ideas about the formation of early Christianity, gnosis, and the apocryphal acts.

“Acta Thomae.” Perseus. Digitized Greek text from Bonnet and English translation from M. R. James.

“Acts of Thomas.” Early Christian Writings.

“Acts of Thomas.” New World Encyclopedia.

“Acts of Thomas.” Wikipedia.

“Gondophares.” Encyclopedia Iranica.

“Hymn of the Pearl.” Encyclopedia Iranica.

“The Acts of Thomas.” The Gnostic Library Society. Reprint of introduction and translation by M. R. James.

“Hymn of the Soul.” Digitized Syriac text on Digital Syriac Corpus (taken from Bevan, A. The Hymn of the Soul Contained in the Syriac Acts of St. Thomas. TS 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1897).

del Cerro, Gonzalo. Cristianismo e Historia (A series of blog posts on the text’s structure, contents (life of Thomas), and chronology, and a general introduction.

2.1.2 Online Resources: Media

Ballantyne, Hugh, dir. Finding Jesus: Faith, Fact, Forgery, Season 2, Episode 6: Doubting Thomas. Atlanta, GA: Cable News Network, 2017. Includes discussion of Thomas Christians in Kerala and footage of the syriac manuscript BM Add. 14645.

Ehrman, Bart. “The Acts of Thomas.” Lost Christianities, Lecture 14. Online here.

“Inside India’s Ancient Christian Community,” March 27, 2017. Part of the CNN series “Finding Jesus.” Online here.

A portion of the Hymn of the Pearl is narrated in a scene from Terrence Malick, dir. Knight of Cups (2015). Online here.

Willis Barnstone reads his translation of the Hymn of the Pearl. Online here.

Librivox audio recording of Bernard Pick’s English translation. Online here.

2.2 Adaptations

2.2.1 Homilies and Sermons

Many editors refashioned the Acts of Thomas in metaphrastic, abbreviated, homiletical, and other versions. Of particular interest are those that are known to use some format of written text. Some noteworthy instances are listed here.

Casiday, Augustine. “Royal Virgins: Aldhelm of Malmesbury’s Use of the Passio Sancti Thomae.” Pages 301–306 in Studia Patristica 39: Papers Presented at the Fourteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies held in Oxford 2003. Edited by F. Young, M. Edwards, and P. Parvis. Leuven: Peeters, 2006.

Schimitz, Bertram. “Das Indienbild in der Syrischen Thomasliteratur – The Three Poems of Jacob of Sarug about the Apostle Thomas in India.” The Harp 8-9 (1995–1996): 105–16.

Skeat, Walter W., ed. Ælfric’s Lives of Saints. Being a set of sermons on saints’ days formerly observed by the English Church. Vol. 1. Early English Text Society Original Series 76 and 82. London: N. Trübner & Co., 1881–1885.

__________, ed. Ælfric’s Lives of Saints. Being a set of sermons on saints’ days formerly observed by the English Church. Vol. 2. Early English Text Society Original Series 94 and 114. London: N. Trübner & Co., 1890–1900.

Strothmann, Werner. “Die Thomasgedichte des Jakob von Sarug.” Pages 363–67 in XVII. Deutscher Orientalistentag vom 21. bis 27. Juli 1968 in Würzburg: Vorträge. Teil 2. Edited by Wolfgang Voigt. ZDMGSup 1.2. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1969.

In post-Reformation Europe, interest in sources for the itinerary of Thomas may be seen in sermons and tractates, e.g., Thomas Stapleton, Tres Thomae (Douai, 1588). In the East, anaphorae, sermons, prayers, and hymns continued unabated into the modern age.

2.2.2 Hymn of the Pearl

The Hymn has enjoyed great attention, and in modern times seems to have eclipsed the rest of the Acts of Thomas in the popular and scholarly imagination, as may be seen by the diverse media represented here:

Bly, Robert. “The Hymn of the Pearl.” Speech at the Minnesota Men’s Conference, 1993.

Hogrogian, Nonny. The Pearl: Hymn of the Robe of Glory. Aurora, OR: Two Rivers Press, 1979. (Children’s picture book; sample page here.)

Tian, Leilei. The Hymn of the Pearl. Piece for five instruments and electronics, commissioned by Sond’Ar-te Electric Ensemble, Portugal, 2011.

3. BIBLIOGRAPHY

3.1 Manuscripts and Editions

3.1.1 Arabic (BHO 1213, 1217; a combination of Acts Thom. Skin [CPC 0545] and Mart. Thom.)

3.1.1.1 Martyrdom

3.1.1.1.1 Arabic Script

Beirut, Bibliothèque Orientale de l’Université Saint Joseph, 1426 (1855)  ~ contents unconfirmed

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Graf 472 (18th  cent.)

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Hist. 1 (13th/14th  cent.)

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Hist. 2 (14th  cent.)

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Hist. 3 (1626)

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Hist. 6 (not dated) ~ contents unconfirmed

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Hist. 7 (14th  cent.)

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Hist. 16 (15th cent.)

Cairo, Coptic Museum, 60, fols. 192r198r (19th cent.)

Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze, Magl. III 29, fols. 145v151v (ante 1664)

Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek, Or. 1067 (Tischendorf 32) (15th cent.)

Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, ar. 539, fols. 154v158v (12th cent.)

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodl. Ar. 541 (Nicoll 49), fols. 57r–59v (18th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 75, fols. 72r78r (16th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 81, fols. 108r114r (16th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 258, fols. 215v–217v  (15th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 4770, fols. 240r247r (19th cent.)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Borg. ar. 223 (1729)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Sbath 500 (15th cent.)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. ar. 171, fols. 41r43r (17th cent.)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. ar. 694, fols. 103r–108r (14th cent.)

Wadi El-Natrun, Monastery of the Syrians (Dayr al-Suryān), no shelf number, fols. 102v107v (14th cent.)

3.1.1.2 Garšūnī Script

Aleppo, Syriac-Orthodox Archdiocese, 52 K, fols. 128r131v (17th cent.)

Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Syr. 40, Martyrdom, fols. 147r152v (ca. 1750)

Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Syr. 146, fols. 119v133r (ca. 1700) ~ pagination includes Acts of Thomas and His Wonderworking Skin

Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Syr. 446, fols. 200v–204v (ca. 1750)

Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Syr. 543, fols. 1r30r (ca. 1780) – identification uncertain

Mardin, Church of the Forty Martyrs, 289, pp. 159–203 (17th/18th cent.) ~ IMAGES

Mardin, Church of the Forty Martyrs, 997, pp. 1–72 (19th cent.) ~ IMAGES

Mdina (Malta), Metropolitan Cathedral of St. Paul, Misc. 502 (ACM 00015), pp. 223–301 (17th/18th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, syr. 232, fols. 277r279v (17th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, syr. 237, fols. 293v–303v (1553)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Sbath 124, fols. 126v–132r (16th cent.)

Bausi, Alessandro. “Alcune osservazioni sul Gadla ḥawāryāt.” Annali dell’Istituto Orientale di Napoli 60–61 (2001–2002): 77–114 (list of 31 Arabic manuscripts of the collection, pp. 97–101).

Graf, Georg. Geschichte der christlichen arabischen Literatur. 5 vols. Rome: Biblioteca apostolica Vaticana, 1944 (manuscripts listed vol. 1, p. 258–67).

Lewis, Agnes Smith, ed. Acta Mythologica Apostolorum, Transcribed from an Arabic Ms. in the Convent of Deyr-es-Suriani, Egypt, and from Mss. in the Convent of St Catherine, on Mount Sinai. Horae Semiticae 3. London: C.J. Clay and Sons, 1904 (Arabic text from an unidentified manuscript from Deir al-Surian, pp. 79–83).

3.1.1.2 Preaching of Thomas in India

Beirut, Bibliothèque Orientale de l’Université Saint Joseph, 624, pp. 1–52 (1658) ~ identification uncertain; CATALOG; HMML

Beirut, Bibliothèque Orientale de l’Université Saint Joseph, 627, pp. 206–331 (18th cent.) ~ identification uncertain;CATALOG; HMML

Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Christ. Arab. 94, fols. 8v–11v+Add. Arab. 148, fol. 1+Leiden, Universitätsbibliothek, Or. 14.238, fols. 1r–22v (ca. 950)

Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, arab. 539, fols. 154v158v (1579)

Esbroeck, Michel van. “Les Actes apocryphes de Thomas en version arabe.” Parole de l’Orient 14 (1987): 11–77 (edition based on the Edgbaston-Leiden manuscript).

Ernst, Carl W. “Fragmentary Versions of the Apocryphal ‘Hymn of the Pearl’ in Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Urdu.” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 32 (2006): 144–88.

3.1.2 Armenian

3.1.2.1 BHO 1211 (chs. 1–41, 62–81 [shortened], 134–54 [shortened])

Jerusalem, Armenian Patriarchate (Monastery of Saint James), 1-g, pp. 64–? (1418)

Jerusalem, Armenian Patriarchate (Monastery of Saint James), 154-g (1737)

Jerusalem, Armenian Patriarchate (Monastery of Saint James), 368 (1300)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arm. 110, fols 490r–500v (1194)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arm. 118, fols. 34r–38r (1307)

Venice, Biblioteca dei Padri Mechitaristi San Lazzaro degli Armeni, 731 (225) (1846–1852)

Venice, Biblioteca dei Padri Mechitaristi San Lazzaro degli Armeni, 239 (222) (1335)

Garitte, Gérard. “Le martyre géorgien de l’apôtre Thomas.” Le Muséon 83 (1970): 497–532.

Tchérakian, Chérubin. Ankanon girkh arakhelakankh: Thankgaran haykakan hin ew nor deprutheankh. Venice: Òazar, 1904 (edition based on Venice 731 and readings from Venice, 239, pp. 369–87).

3.1.2.2 BHO 1215 (Martyrdom)

Jerusalem, Armenian Patriarchate (Monastery of Saint James), 154-g (1737)

Jerusalem, Armenian Patriarchate (Monastery of Saint James), 282 (1331)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arm. 118, fols. 38r–40v (1307)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arm. 186, fols. 164v–166v (17th cent.)

Tübingen, Universitätsbibliothek, 47, 4, fols. 85r–101v (17th/18th cent.)

Venice, Biblioteca dei Padri Mechitaristi San Lazzaro degli Armeni, 653 (228) (1847)

Venice, Biblioteca dei Padri Mechitaristi San Lazzaro degli Armeni, 731 (225) (1846–1852)

Venice, Biblioteca dei Padri Mechitaristi San Lazzaro degli Armeni, 239 (222) (1335)

Venice, Biblioteca dei Padri Mechitaristi San Lazzaro degli Armeni, 7729 (1200–1202)

Vienna, Mechitarist Library, 2, fols. 177v–? (15th cent.)

Yerevan, Matenadaran, M993, fols. 592r–594r (1456)

Yerevan, Matenadaran, M1154

Garitte, Gérard. “La passion arménienne de S. Thomas l’apôtre et son modèle grec.” Le Muséon 84 (1971): 171–95 (text based on Venice 7729 with Latin trans.).

Tchérakian, Chérubin. Ankanon girkh arakhelakankh: Thankgaran haykakan hin ew nor deprutheankh. Venice: Òazar, 1904 (edition based on Venice 653 with readings from Venice 239 and 731, pp. 388–400).

3.1.2.3 BHO 1212 (chs. 1–29, 62–81 in a different form than BHO 1211)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arm. 115, fols. 88r–96r (13th/14th cent.)

Venice, Biblioteca dei Padri Mechitaristi San Lazzaro degli Armeni, 17 (200) (1224)

Tchérakian, Chérubin. Ankanon girkh arakhelakankh: Thankgaran haykakan hin ew nor deprutheankh. Venice: Òazar, 1904 (edition based on Venice 17, pp. 401–16).

3.1.2.4 BHO 1224 (Discovery and Transfer to Armenia of the Remains of Thomas)

Jerusalem, Armenian Patriarchate (Monastery of Saint James), 282 (1331)

Venice, Biblioteca dei Padri Mechitaristi San Lazzaro degli Armeni, 17 (200) (1224)

Venice, Biblioteca dei Padri Mechitaristi San Lazzaro degli Armeni, 1014 (201) (12th/13th cent.)

Yerevan, Matenadaran, M993, fols. 594r–596r (1456)

Tchérakian, Chérubin. Ankanon girkh arakhelakankh: Thankgaran haykakan hin ew nor deprutheankh. Venice: Òazar, 1904 (edition based on Venice 17 with readings from Venice 1014, pp. 417–27).

3.1.2.5 BHO 1219 (epitome of chs. 1–27, abridged martyrdom, and transfer of relics)

Jerusalem, Armenian Patriarchate (Monastery of Saint James), 9, p. 115 (16th cent.)

Jerusalem, Armenian Patriarchate (Monastery of Saint James), 173

Venice, Biblioteca dei Padri Mechitaristi San Lazzaro degli Armeni, 1447 (223) (15th cent.)

Vienna, Mechitarist Library, 224, fol. 12v–? (1428)

Tchérakian, Chérubin. Ankanon girkh arakhelakankh: Thankgaran haykakan hin ew nor deprutheankh. Venice: Òazar, 1904 (edition based on Venice 1447, pp. 428–36).

3.1.3 Coptic (a combination of Acts Thom. Skin [CPC 0545] and Mart. Thom. [CPC 0535]; listed below are the Martyrdom manuscripts; see links for editions)

New York, Morgan Library and Museum, M635 (=MICH.CG), fols. 6r–14v (ca. 10th cent.)

MONB.DM, pp. [145]–150 (10th–12th cent.)

MONB.GQ, pp. 50–? (ca. 10th cent.)

MONB.MQ, pp. 49–50, 53–56, 61–62 (ca. 10th cent.)

MONB.MR, pp. 31–34 (ca. 10th cent.)

MONB.MS, pp. 105–106, 109–110 (10th–12th cent.)

Devos, Paul. “La prédication et le martyre de S. Thomas en copte.” AnBoll 101 (1983): 386 (a note about the works of Lucchesi and Poirier).

Lucchesi, Enzo. “Additamentum ad Martyrium s. Thomae apostoli coptice.” AnBoll 106 (1988): 319–22.

Poirier, Paul-Hubert, ed. La version copte de la Prédication et du Martyre de Thomas. Subsidia Hagiographica 67. Brussels: Société des Bollandistes, 1984 (Coptic edition from all Sahidic manuscripts with French translation).

3.1.4 Ethiopic (BHO 1214, 1218)

London, British Library, Or. 678, fols. 129r–133v (Martyrdom), fols. 152r–171v (15th cent.)

London, British Library, Or. 683, fols. 139r–148v, 205r–209r, 221r–223r, 241v–245r (Martyrdom), 245v–249r (17th cent.)

London, British Library, Or. 685, fols. 139v142v (Martyrdom) (18th cent.)

Manchester, John Rylands University Library, Eth. 6, fols. 88v–92*r (Act III), repeated fols. 133v–142v; fols. 228v–242r (Act I); fols. 211r–219r (Martyrdom) (19th cent.)

Bausi, Alessandro. “Alcune osservazioni sul Gadla ḥawāryāt.” Annali dell’Istituto Orientale di Napoli 60–61 (2001–2002): 77–114 (list of 31 Ethiopic manuscripts of the collection, pp. 93–97).

Budge, Ernest A. W. Gadla Ḥawâryât: The Contendings of the Apostles, Being the Lives and Martyrdoms and Deaths of the Twelve Apostles and Evangelists. Vol. 1 (Ethiopic). London: Henry Frowde, 1901 (edition of the Martyrdom based on BL Or. 678 and 683, pp. 287–95; Acts 1–5, pp. 336–81).

Pisani, Vitagrazia. “The apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: unknown witnesses from East Tәgray.” Pages 75–93 in Essays in Ethiopian Manuscript Studies. Proceedings of the International Conference Manuscripts and Texts, Languages and Contexts: the Transmission of Knowledge in the Horn of Africa. Hamburg, 17–19 July 2014. Edited by Alessandro Bausi, Alessandro Gori, and Denis Nosnitsin. Supplements to Aethiopica 4. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2015 (descriptions of ten Ethiopic manuscripts cataloged for the Ethio-SPaRe project).

3.1.6 Georgian

Tblisi, Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia, H.341 (11th cent.)

Garitte, G. “Le Martyre géorgian de l’apôtre Thomas.” Le Muséon 83 (1970): 497–532.

K‘urc‘ikiże, C‘iala. Kartuli versiebi aṗoḳripebis mocikulta šesaxeb [Georgian Versions of the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles]. Tbilisi: Sakartvelos SSR mecnierebata akademiis gamomcemloba, 1959 (edition based on Tblisi H.341, pp. 14–20).

Vashalomidze, G. Sophia. “The Apostle Thomas in Georgian Narratives.” The Harp 25 (2010): 79–136.

3.1.7 Greek (BHG 1800–1831k; BHGa 1800–1831z)

Bonnet, Max, ed. Acta Thomae graece partim cum novis codicibus contulit partim primus edidit, latine recensuit. Supplementum Codicis Apocryphi 1. Lipsiae: Hermann Mendelssohn, 1883 (edition based on ABCDEPQRS, pp. 1–95).

Bonnet, Max. “Acts of the Holy Apostle Thomas” [Greek]. Pages 99–291 in vol. 2:2 of Acta apostolorum apocrypha. 2 vols. in 3 parts. Edited by Richard A. Lipsius and Max Bonnet. Leipzig: Mendelssohn, 1889–1903; reprinted Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1959; reprinted by the same in 1972 (edition is based on 21 manuscripts listed below).

Recension A

A  Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 881, fols. 313v–330r (10th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29, 161–70

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 1454, fols. 99r–107r (10th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 1176, fols. 66r–81v (12th/13th cent.) ~ chs. 1–38, 42–61

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 1556, fols. 138r–142r (15th cent.) ~ epitome of chs. 1–29 and martyrdom; not used in Lispius-Bonnet; Pinakes; Gallica

Rome, Biblioteca Angelica, gr. 108 (B 2.2), fols. 32r–43r (11th/12th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29, 163, 146–48, 168–70

K  Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Chig. (Chisianum) R. VII. 51 (gr. 42), fols. 7r–20r (11th/12th cent.) ~ chs. 1–19, 155–71; Pinakes

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 764, fols. 440r–441v (9th cent.) ~ chs. 144–48, 163–69; Pinakes; Gallica

Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod. graec. 262, fols. 106r–109v (9th cent.) ~ palimpsest; chs. 170–171; Pinakes; Munich

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Clarke 43, fols. 23r–33r (12th cent.) ~ chs. 4–29, 159–71; Pinakes; catalog

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 1510, fols. 161r–230r (1162) ~ chs. 1–171 (lacking Hymn of the Pearl)

Q  Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 1485, fols. 40r–47v (10th cent.) ~ chs. 1–1, 27–29, 144–48

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 1551, fols. 17v–31v, 38r–42v (14th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29, 42–50, 62–66, 156–71; Pinakes; Gallica

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 1613, fols. 137v–156r (15th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29, 144–49, 163–71; Pinakes; Gallica

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 1540, fols. 126, 1r–10r (11th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29; Pinakes; Gallica

U  Rome, Biblioteca Vallicelliana, B 35, fols. 91v–141r (11th cent.) ~ chs. 1–171 (with Hymn of the Pearl)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. gr. 1190, fols. 100r–112v (1542) ~ chs. 1–11, 40–81, 150–70

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 1173 A, fols. 217v–225v (12th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29; Pinakes; Gallica

Vatican,  Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. gr. 797, fols. 140r–170r (10th cent.) ~ chs. 1–59; Pinakes

Recension B

Escorial, Real Biblioteca, Υ. II. 09 (Andrés 264), fols. 50v–58v (11th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29; Pinakes

H  Escorial, Real Biblioteca, Y. II. 06 (Andrés 314), fols. 100v–106v (12th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29; Pinakes

Z1  St. Petersburg, Russian National Library/Rossijskaja Nacional’naja biblioteka (RNB), Ф. № 906 (Gr.) 94 (Granstrem 334), fols. 22r–28r, 121r–126r (10th cent.) ~ chs. 1–3, 17–29, 144–49, 163–71; Pinakes

Z2  St. Petersburg, Russian National Library/Rossijskaja Nacional’naja biblioteka (RNB), Gr. 213 (Granstrem 283), fols. 121r–130v (12th cent.) ~ not used in Lipsius-Bonnet; chs. 1–29

Recension C (a mixed text)

B  Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 1468, 91r– 95r (11th cent.) ~ chs. 1–27

Additional Manuscripts:

Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Library, Special Collections Library, 36, fols. 29r–36r (16th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29; Pinakes

Athens, Bibliothēke tēs Boulēs, 45, fols. 153r–171v (16th cent.) ~ chs. 1–27

Athens, Ethnikē Bibliothēkē tēs Hellados, 284, fols. 499v–516v (1599) ~ chs. 1–26; Pinakes; Athens

Athens, Ethnikē Bibliothēkē tēs Hellados, 346, fols. 71r–76r (1497–1498) ~ chs. 1–29; Pinakes

Athens, Ethnikē Bibliothēkē tēs Hellados, 1027, fols. 53r–58v (12th cent.) ~ Pinakes

Athens, Ethnikē Bibliothēkē tēs Hellados, 2504, fols. 14r–42r (12th cent.) ~ chs. 1–50, 62–1207, 115–22, 134–42, 150–51, 159–71; Pinakes

Brescia, Biblioteca Queriniana, A. III.03, fols. 344v–350v (16th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29; Pinakes

Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, II.02407 (504), fols. 12r–23r (11th cent.) ~ palimpsest with chs. 3, 4, 14, 33, 38, 117, 146–47; Pinakes

Drama, Monē Kosinitsēs, 368 (12th cent.) ~ Pinakes; related to Athens 2504

Dublin, Trinity College, 185 (olim E. 3.35), fols. 45r–49v (11th cent.) ~ chs. 144–48, 160–71

Gjirokastër, Bibliothēke tēs Mētropoleôs, 5, fols. 30r–36r (17th cent.) ~ lost; Pinakes

Istanbul, Patriarchikē bibliothēkē, Hagias Trias 102, fols. 281r–281v (10th cent.) ~ palimpsest; chs. 56–58

Izmir, Euaggelikē Scholē, A-04 (17th cent.) ~ destroyed in the fire of 1922; Pinakes

Jerusalem, Patriarchikē bibliothēkē, Saba 22 (11th cent.) ~ Pinakes; Jerusalem

Jerusalem, Patriarchikē bibliothēkē, Saba 373, fols. 104r–116v (11th/12th cent.; 16th?) ~ chs. 1–29; Pinakes; Aland

Jerusalem, Patriarchikē bibliothēkē, Panaghios Taphos 22, (11th cent.) ~ chs. 8–10; LOC; Pinakes;

Jerusalem, Patriarchikē bibliothēkē, Panaghios Taphos 66, fols. 90v–106r (15th/16th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29

Krakow, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska Berlin, graec. 1°.43.I (279), fols. 29v–33v (11th/12th cent.) ~ Pinakes

London, British Library, Add. 10014, fols. 143r–148v (16th cent.) ~ chs. 3–20; Pinakes; BL

London, British Library, Add. 34554, fols. 26v–43r (16th cent.) ~ Byzantine paraphrase

Manchester, John Rylands University Library, gr. 24, fols. 12v–27r (17th cent.) ~ Byzantine paraphrase; Pinakes

Meteora, Monē Metamorphôseôs, 81, fols. 92r–104r (15th/16th cent.) ~ Pinakes

Meteora, Monē Metamorphôseôs, 382, fols. 88r–93v (15th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29; Pinakes

Mezzojuso, Biblioteca dell’Istituto “A. Reres,” 2 (Mioni 95), fols. 70v–76r (14th cent.) ~ chs. 1–27; Pinakes

Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, A 63 inf. (Martini-Bassi 798), fols. 221r–240v (13th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29; 146–48, 163, 168–70; Pinakes

Moscow, Gosudarstvennyj Istoričeskij Musej, Sinod. gr. 162 (Vlad. 380), fols. 50v–57r (11th cent.) ~ chs. 1–26; Pinakes

Moscow, Gosudarstvennyj Istoričeskij Musej, Sinod. gr. 303 (Vlad. 395), fols. 90r–103v (16th/17th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29; Pinakes

Mount Athos, Bibliothêke tou Prôtatou (Karues), 2 (Lambros 2), fols. 67r–71r (11th cent.) ~chs. 1–26; Pinakes

Mount Athos, Monē Esphigmenou, 44 (Lambros 2057), fols. 22v–30v (12/13th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29; Pinakes

Mount Athos, Monē Ibêrôn, 275 (Lambros 4395), fols. 88r–94v (12th cent.) ~ chs. 1–26; Pinakes

Mount Athos, Monē Ibêrôn, 476 (Lambros 4596) ~ chs. 11–25; photographs cataloged as Bodleian Library, MS Gr. th.f.8, 1–7; Pinakes

Mount Athos, Monē Karakallou, 8 (Lambros 1521), Mon. 048, fols. 64v–95r (10th/11th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29; Pinakes

Mount Athos, Monē Koutloumousiou, 56 (Lambros 3125), fols. 64v–94r (12th cent.) ~ chs. 1–27, 82–88, 95–105, 117–43, 149–71; Pinakes

Mount Athos, Monē Koutloumousiou, 684 (Polites 110), fols. 9v–15v (14th cent.) ~ Pinakes

Mount Athos, M. Megistes Lavras, Δ 50 (Eustratiades 0426), fols. 122r–135v (1039) ~ chs. 1–29, 161–70

Mount Athos, M. Megistes Lavras, Η 206 (Eustratiades 0861), fols. 62r–66r (16th cent.) ~ chs. 1–26; Pinakes

Mount Athos, Pantokratoros, 40 (Lambros 1074), fols. 59r–70r (11th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29; Pinakes

Mount Athos, Philotheou, 9 (Lambros 1772), fols. 267v–268v (11th cent.) ~ chs. 1–7; Pinakes

Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, gr. 497, fols. 115v–129r (10th/11th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29, 161–70

Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, gr. 539, fols. 186r–201v (17th cent.) ~ perhaps Synaxarion

Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, gr. 1760, fols.  1v–23v (17th cent.)

Mutiline, Monē Hagiou Iōannou tou Theologou Hypsēlou, 38, fols. 299v–308r (1591) ~ chs. 1–26; Pinakes

Mutilene, Monē Hagiou Iōannou tou Theologou Hypsēlou, 57, fols. 25r–28r (1604) ~ chs. 1–29; Pinakes

Ohrid, Naroden Muzej, 4, pp. 217–269 (10th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29, 138–71, 30–50

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Barocci 180, fols. 41v–49v (11th/12th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Holkham gr. 27, fols. 283v–291v (15th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29; Pinakes; catalog

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Laud gr. 68, fols. 52v–63r (11th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29, 163, 146–148, 168–170; Pinakes; catalog

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Coisl. 121, fols. 9r–10v (1342/1343) ~ chs. 9–29

Sofia, C’rkovno-istoričeski i archiven Institut, 805, fols. 3r–8v (1345) ~ epitome of chs. 1–29 and martyrdom; Pinakes

Vatican,  Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Ott. gr. 1, fols. 18v–26r (11th/12th cent.) ~ chs. 1–26, incipit 27

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. gr. 544, fols. 45, 138, 111, 84, 106, 143, 44, 114, 95, 124, 125, 90, 119 (11th cent.) ~ palimpsest; chs. 1–37

Vatican,  Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. gr. 866, fols. 38r–40r (11th/12th cent.) ~ chs. 1–27

Vatican,  Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. gr. 1238 (11th cent.) ~ Pinakes; one, two, three

Vatican,  Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. gr. 1608, fols. 1r–12r (12th/13th cent.) ~ chs. 2–33, 155–170; Pinakes; BAV

Vatican,  Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. gr. 1985, fols. 77r–101r (11th cent.) ~ chs. 1–29. incipt 30, 150–170; Pinakes; BAV

Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana gr. VII. 039 (coll. 1386), fols. 315r–326v (1587/1588) ~ epitome of chs. 1–29 and martyrdom; Pinakes

Synaxarium (BHG 1836)

Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod. graec. 255, fols. 78v–82v (16th cent.) ~ Pinakes; Munich

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 947, fols. 289v–292v (16th cent.) ~ Pinakes; Gallica

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 1554, fols. 20r–22v (14th cent.) ~ epitome of act 1; Pinakes

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 1611, fols. 429v–436r (16th cent.) ~ Pinakes; Gallica

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Coisl. 304, fols. 27r–30r (14th cent.) ~ Pinakes; Gallica

Giles, J. A. Codex Apocryphus Novi Testamenti. The Uncanonical Gospels and Other Writings, Referring to the First Ages of Christianity; in the Original Languages: Collected Together from the Editions of Fabricius, Thilo, and Others. London: D. Nutt, 1852 (pp. 220–55).

Lake, Kirsopp. “Texts from Mount Athos.” Pages 89–185 in Studia Biblica et Ecclesiastica 5. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903 (edition of Mount Athos, Monê Ibêrôn, 476, pp. 164–69).

Tischendorf, Constantin. Acta apostolorum apocrypha. Leipzig: Avenarius et Mendelssohn, 1851 (edition based on ABCDE, pp. 190–242; introduction, pp. lxii–lxviii).

Lipinski, Matthias. Konkordanz zu den Thomasakten. Athenäums Monografien: Theologie 67. Frankfurt am Main: Athenäum, 1985.

Thilo, Johannes Carolus, ed. Acta S. Thomae apostoli ex codd. pariss. primum edidit et adnotationibus illustravit. Lipsiae: F.C.G. Vogelii, 1823 (Greek edition based on ABCD, pp. 1–75).

3.1.8 Latin (BHL 8140); see Miracles of Thomas; and Passion of Thomas (BHL 8136)

3.1.9 Church Slavic

Belgrade, National Library of Serbia, P. S. Srečković, 637, fols. 125–137 (14th cent.) (=de Santos Otero 1)

Moscow, State Historical Museum, F. 80370, Cudovskij Monastery, 20, fols. 92r–96v (14th cent.) (=de Santos Otero 22)

Moscow, Gos, I, M, F. 80370, Dormition Cathedral 785 (987), fols. 362–367 (16th cent.) (=de Santos Otero 32)

Lviv, Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv, Oss. 38 fols. 328–331 (16th cent.)

Lviv, Scientific Library of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 203.III., pp. 269–273 (16th cent.) (=de Santos Otero 20)

Archeografičeskaja Kommissîja. Velikîja minei četîi. October 4–18. Saint Petersburg: Tipografǐja Imperatorskoj Akademǐi Naukǔ, 1874 (text of Moscow 785, cols. 815–27).

Dimitrova, Margaret and Andrej Bojadžiev. “Acta Thomae in Late Damaskinar Manuscripts.” Онгъл 4 (2012): 110–21 (deals with both medieval and modern Bulgarian translations).

Otero, Aurelio de Santos. Die handschriftliche Überlieferung der altslavischen Apokryphen. 2 vols. PTS 20 and 23. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1978–1981 (manuscripts listed, vol. 1, pp. 84–96; BHG1800: 1, 3, 5–6, 9–17, 19–20, 22, 24–28, 30, 32–34, 36, 38, 40–44, 48–51, 54, 56–59, 62–64; Bulgarian trans. of the Slavonic 52–53, 61; BHG1831 [Martyrdom]: 4–5, 12, 23, 35, 55; BHG1836 [epitome]: 18, 29, 45; additional manuscripts, vol. 2, p. 244).

Novaković, Stojan. “Apokrifi jednoga srpskog.” Starine 8 (1876): 69–74 (edition of Belgrade 637).

Popov, Andrej N. Biblîografičeskîe materîaly sobrannye A. N. Popovymǔ (XV–XIX). Edited by Michail Speranskîj. Moskow: Universitetskaja Tipografîja, 1889 (text from Moscow, Cudovskij Monastery 20; pp. 61–71)

Velčeva, Boryana and Andrej Bojadžiev. “The Slavonic Text of Acta Thomae in India.” Scripta & e-Scripta 3–4 (2005–2006): 95–119.

Thomson, Francis J. Review of Aurelio de Santos Otero, Die handscriftliche Überlieferung der altslavischen Apokryphen, vol. 1. Slavonic and East European Review 58 [1980]: 256–68 at 259–60 (with corrections to de Santos Otero vol. 1).

3.1.10 Syriac (BHO 1186–1204) (GEDSH 554 [cf. 410]; Baumstark, Geschichte, 14; Syriaca.org)

Erbil, Chaldean Antonian Order of St. Hormizd (OAOC), 628 (olim Baghdad, Library of the Chaldean Monastery, 628; olim Alqoš, Notre-Dame des Semences, Scher 112/Vosté 214), item 1 (1885)

B  Berlin, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Syr. 75 (Sachau 222), fols. 2v–52r (1881)

C  Cambridge, Cambridge University Library, Add. 2822, fols. 2v–128v (1883)

H Cambridge Mass., Harvard Houghton Library, Syr. 38, fols. 122r–170r (15th/16th cent.)

L  London, British Library, Add. 14645, fols. 1v–49v (936)

M Baghdad, Chaldean Patriarchate of Baghdad, 199 (olim Mosul, Chaldean Patriarchate, 86), pp. 2–85 (1711/1712)

S  Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, syr. 30 lower text fols. 141–146, 150, 152–154, 157–158, 159v, 161–170 (upper writing dated 698; lower writing 5th/6th cent.)

Trichur, Chaldean Syrian Church, Syr. 9, fols. 189r–212v (1615)

V  Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. sir. 597, fols. 1r–8v (17th cent.)

Additional Manuscripts:

Baghdad, Chaldean Patriarch of Babylon, 293, fols. 1r–32v (19th cent.) ~ HMML

Jerusalem, Monastery of Saint Mark, 288, fols. 67v–104r (1859)

Karkūk, Chaldean Archdiocese of Karkūk, 213, fols. 145v–222v (1723)

Briquel-Chatonnet, Françoise and Desreumaux, Alain and Thekeparampil, Jacob. “Découvre d’un manuscrit très important contenant des textes apocryphes dans la bibliothèque de la métropolie de l’Église de l’Est à Trichur, Kérala, Inde.” Pages 587–97 in Symposium Syriacum VII: Uppsala University, Department of Asian and African Languages, 11–14 August 1996. Edited by René Lavenant. OrChrAn 256. Roma: Pontificio Istituto Orientale, 1998.

Bedjan, Paul, ed. Acta martyrum et sanctorum Syriace: Tomus Tertius. Paris and Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 1890–1897; reprinted Hildesheim: Olms, 1968 (vol. 3, pp. 1–175; uses B and L).

Burkitt, Francis Crawford. “Fragments of the Acts of Judas Thomas from the Sinaitic Palimpsest.” Pages 23–44 in Select Narratives of Holy Women from the Syro-Antiochene or Sinai Palimpsest as Written above the Old Syriac Gospels by John the Stylite, of Beth-Mari-Qanûn in A.D. 778. Edited by Agnes Smith Lewis. Studia Sinaitica 9–10. London: C.J. Clay and Sons, 1900.

Desreumaux, Alain. “Textes nouveaux extraits de manuscrits syriaques du Kérala (partie I).” Христианский Восток 1 [7] (1999): 26–37.

Jansma, Taeke, ed. A Selection from the Acts of Judas Thomas. Leiden: Brill, 1952.

Wright, William, ed. Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles, Edited from Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum and Other Libraries. 2 vols. London, Edinburgh: Williams & Norgate, 1871 (Syriac text based on L, vol. 1, pp. 172–333).

Zemler, John David. “The Syriac Acts of Thomas: A Computerized Grammatical Concordance of Acts 1 and 2.” Ph.D. dissertation, Marquette University, 2003.

3.3 Modern Translations

3.3.1 English

Attridge, Harold. The Acts of Thomas. Early Christian Apocrypha 3. Salem, OR: Polebridge Press, 2010.

Bornkamm, Gunther. “Acts of Thomas—Introduction and Translation.” Pages 425–531 in New Testament Apocrypha, vol. 2: Writings Related to the Apostles, Apocalypses and Related Subjects. Edited by Edgar Hennecke and Wilhelm Schneemelcher. Translated by Robert McL. Wilson. English translation of the 3rd German edition. London: Luttersworth Press, 1963.

Budge, Ernest A. W. Gadla Ḥawâryât: The Contendings of the Apostles, Being the Lives and Martyrdoms and Deaths of the Twelve Apostles and Evangelists. Vol. 2 (English translations). London: Henry Frowde, 1901 (English translation of the Ethiopic Martyrdom, pp. 346–56; and Acts 1–5, pp. 404–65).

Drijvers, Han J. W. “Acts of Thomas—Introduction and Translation.” Pages 322–411 in New Testament Apocrypha. vol. 2: Writings Related to the Apostles, Apocalypses and Related Subjects. Edited by Wilhelm Schneemelcher. Translated by Robert McL. Wilson. English translation of the 5th German edition, revised. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 1991.

Elliott, J. K. The Apocryphal New Testament: A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in English Translation. Oxford: Clarendon, 1993 (pp. 439–511).

James, Montague Rhodes. The Apocryphal New Testament: Being the Apocryphal Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and Apocalypses. Oxford: Clarendon, 1924; corrected edition, 1953 (pp. 364–438).

Klijn, Albertus F. J. Acts of Thomas: Introduction – Text – Commentary. NovTSup 5. 2nd ed. Leiden: Brill, 2003 (includes an original English translation).

Lewis, Agnes Smith. Acta Mythologica Apostolorum Transcribed from an Arabic Ms. in the Convent of Deyr-es-Suriani, Egypt, and from Mss. in the Convent of St Catherine on Mount Sinai and in the Vatican Library. Horae Semiticae 4. London: C.J. Clay and Sons, 1904 (English translation of the Arabic Martyrdom, pp. 94–99).

Malan, Solomon C. The Conflicts of the Holy Apostles, An Apocryphal Book of the Early Eastern Church. London: D. Nutt, 1871 (English translation of the Ethiopic Act II, pp. 206–14, and Martyrdom, pp. 214–20, based on Rylands Eth. 6).

Pick, Bernhard. The Apocryphal Acts of Paul, Peter, John, Andrew and Thomas. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co., 1909 (English trans. based on the edition by Lipsius and Bonnet, pp. 222–362).

Walker, Alexander. Apocryphal Gospels, Acts and Revelations. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1873. Repr. as vol. 16 of The Ante-Nicene Christian Library. Edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson. 24 vols. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1867–1883 (translations of “The Acts of the Holy Apostle Thomas” and “The Consummation of Thomas the Apostle” based on the edition by Tischendorf, pp. 389–428).

Wright, William, ed. Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles, Edited from Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum and Other Libraries. 2 vols. London/Edinburgh: Williams & Norgate, 1871 (English translation based on BL Add. 14645, vol. 2, 147–298).

3.3.2 French

Festugière, André-Jean. Les actes apocryphes de Jean et de Thomas. Cahiers d’Orientalisme 6. Genève: Patrick Cramer, 1983 (translation of the texts from Lipsius-Bonnet).

Leloir, Louis. Écrits apocryphes sur les apôtres. CCSA 3–4. 2 vols. Turnhout: Brepols, 1986–1992 (introduction, vols. 2, pp. 531–42; translation of Armenian texts, vol. 2, pp. 543–69 [BHO 1211], 570–91 [BHO 1215], 592–615 [BHO 1212], 616–31 [BHO 1224], 632–46 [BHO 1219]).

Poirier, Paul-Hubert, and Yves Tissot. “Actes de Thomas.” Pages 1321–470 in Écrits apocryphes chrétiens. Vol. 1. Edited by François Bovon and Pierre Geoltrain. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade 442. Paris: Gallimard, 1997 (French translation of the edition by Lipsius-Bonnet).

3.3.3 German

Bornkamm, Günther. “Thomasakten.” Pages 297–372 in Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung. Vol 2: Apostolisches, Apokalypsen und Verwandtes. E. Hennecke. Edited by Wilhelm Schneemelcher. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1964.

Drijvers, Han J. W. “Thomasakten.” Pages 289–367 in Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung. Vol 2: Apostolisches, Apokalypsen und Verwandtes. E. Hennecke. Edited by Wilhelm Schneemelcher. 5th German edition. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1989.

Raabe, Richard. “Thomasakten.” Pages 256–89 in Neutestamentlichen Apokryphen. Edited by Edgar Hennecke. 2d ed. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1924.

Schimmelpfeng, Georg. “Thomasakten.” Pages 473–544 in Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung. Edited by Edgar Hennecke. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1904.

3.3.4 Italian

Erbetta, Mario. Gli apocrifi del Nuovo Testamento. 3 vols. Italy: Marietti, 1975–1981 (Italian translation, vol. 2, pp. 307–74).

Moraldi, Luigi. Apocrifi del Nuovo Testamento. 2 vols. Classici delle religioni, Sezione quarta, La religione cattolica 24. Turin: Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese, 1971 (Italian translation, vol. 2, pp. 303–428).

3.3.5 Norwegian

Hägg, Henny, Årstein Justnes, and Tor Vegge. “Tomas’ gjerninger.” Pages 153–205 in Tidligkristne apokryfer. Edited by Reidar Aasgaard. Verdens Hellige Skrifter. Oslo: De norske bokklubbene, 2011.

3.3.6 Spanish

Piñero, Antonio and Gonzalo del Cerro, eds. Hechos apócrifos de los Apóstoles. 3 vols. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 2004–2011 (Spanish translation in vol. 1, pp. 863–1199).

3.4 Concordances

Lipinski, Matthias. Konkordanz zu den Thomasakten. Frankfurt am Main: Athenäum, 1988.

3.5 General Works

3.5.1 Apocryphal Acts

Achtemeier, Paul. “Jesus and the Disciples as Miracle Workers in the Apocryphal New Testament.” Pages 149–86 in Aspects of Religious Propaganda in Judaism and Early Christianity. Edited by Elisabeth Shüssler Fiorenza. South Bend: Notre Dame, 1976.

Alfaric, Prosper. “Les Écritures Manichéennes: Chapitre Deuxième: Les Écritures Chrétiennes.” RHR 78 (1918): 63–97.

Allberry, C. R. C. A Manichean Psalm-Book. Pt. 2. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1938.

Altaner, B. “Augustinus Und Die Neutestamentlichen Apokryphen, Sibyllinen Und Sextussprüche.” AnBoll 67 (1949): 236–48.

Bardsley, H. J. “The Derivation of the Acta from Early Acts of Peter.” JTS 16.64 (1915): 495–509.

Berglund, Carl Johan. “Liturgies as Plot Devices in Apocryphal Acts.” Pages 202–224 in Why We Sing: Music, Word, and Liturgy in Early Christianity. Essays in Honour of Anders Ekenberg’s 75th Birthday. Edited by Carl Johan Berglund, Barbara Crostini, and James Kelhoffer. VCSupp. Leiden: Brill, 2022.

Biggs, Frederick M. Sources of Anglo-Saxon Literary Culture. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 2007.

Blumenthal, M. Formen Und Motive in Den Apokryphen Apostelakten. Vol. 1. TUGAL 48. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs, 1933.

Bianchi, Ugo, ed. La Tradizione dell’Enkrateia: motiviazioni ontologiche e protologiche. Rome: Ateneo, 1985.

Bolgiana, F. “La tradizione eresiologica sull’encratismo, II: la confutazione di Clemente di Alessandria.” Atti della Accademia delle scienze di Torino. II. classe di scienze morali. storiche e filologiiche 96 (1961/1962): 537–664.

———. “La tradizione eresiologica sull’encratismo, I: le notizie di Ireneo.” Atti della Accademia delle scienze di Torino. II. classe di scienze morali. storiche e filologiiche 91 (1950/1957): 343–419.

Bovon, François. “Réception apocryphe de L’Évangile de Luc et lecture orthodoxe des Actes Apocryphes des Apôtres.” Apocrypha 8 (1997): 137–46.

———. “The Synoptic Gospels and the Noncanonical Acts of the Apostles.” HTR 81.1 (1988): 19–36.

———. “La Vie des Apôtres: Traditions Bibliques et Narrations Apocryphes.” Pages 141–58 in Les Actes Apocryphes Des Apôtres Des Apôtres. Edited by François Bovon. Genève: Editions Labor et Fides, 1981.

———. Les Actes Apocryphes des Apôtres: christianisme et monde païen. Publications de la Faculté de théologie de l’Université de Genève no 4. Genève: Editions Labor et Fides, 1981.

Bremmer, Jan N. “The Five Major Apocryphal Acts: Authors, Place, Time and Readership.” Pages 149–70 in The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas. Edited by Jan N. Bremmer. Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 6. Leuven: Peeters, 2001.

Burrus, Virginia. Chastity as Autonomy: Women in the Stories of the Apocryphal Acts. Vol. 23. Lewiston and Queenston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1987.

Cartlidge, David R. “Transfigurations of Metamorphosis Traditions in the Acts of John, Thomas, and Peter.” Semeia 38 (1986): 53–66.

Cartlidge, David R., and J. K. Elliott. Art and Christian Apocrypha. London: Routledge, 2001.

Centore, Giuseppe. “Lo Gnosticismo E Il Canto Dell Perla.” Studi Storici E Religiosi 5.2 (1996): 153–76.

Chadwick, Henry. “Enkrateia.” RAC 5 (1960): 343–65.

Colpe, C. Die Religionsceschichtliche Schule: Darstellung Und Kritik Ihres Bildes Vom Gnostischen Erlösermythos. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1961.

Czachesz, István. Commission Narratives: A Comparative Study of the Canonical and Apocryphal Acts. Leuven: Peeters, 2007.

Davies, Stevan L. “The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: An Introduction.” CBQ 71.3 (2009): 649–50.

———. The Revolt of the Widows: The Social World of the Apocryphal Acts. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1980.

———. “The Social World of the Apocryphal Acts.” Ph.D. diss., Temple University, 1978.

Desreumaux, Alain. “Les apocryphes et les milieux monastiques syriaques.” Pages 129–34 in Le monachisme syriaque: aux premiers siècles de l’Eglise, IIe-début VIIe siècle. Antélias, Liban: Editions du CERP, 1998.

Duchesne, L. “Les aciens recueils des légendes apostoliques.” Pages 67–79 in Compte Rendu Du Troisième Congrès Scientifique International Des Catholiques Tenu À Bruxelles Du 3 Au 8 Septembre 1894 … Vol. 5. Bruxelles: Société belge de librairie, 1895.

Elliott, Alison Goddard. Roads to Paradise: Reading the Lives of the Early Saints. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1987.

Elliott, James Keith. “The Apocryphal Acts.” ExpT 105 (1993): 71–77.

———. “The Influence of the Apocrypha on Manuscripts of the New Testament.” Apocrypha 8 (1997): 265–72.

———. “The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles in Intertextual Perspectives.” ExpT 111.7 (2000): 236–37.

Findlay, Adam Fyfe. Byways in Early Christian Literature; Studies in the Uncanonical Gospels and Acts … Kerr Lectures 1920–1921. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1923.

Gallagher, Eugene V. “Conversion and Salvation in the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” SecCent 8 (1991): 13–29.

Gasparro, Giulia Sfamemi. “Le motivazioni protologiche dell’Enkrateia nel cristianesimo dei primi secoli e nello Gnosticismo.” Pages 149–261 in La tradizione dell’Enkrateia.  Edited by Ugo Bianchi.  Rome: Ateneo, 1985.

Gounelle, Remi. “Actes apocryphes des apôtres et Actes des apôtres canoniques. État de la recherche et perspectives nouvelles.” RHPR 84 (2004): 3–30, 419–41.

Hamman, A. “Sitz Im Leben Des Actes Apocryphes Du Nouveau Testament.” Pages 62–69 in Studia Patristica VIII. TUGAL 93. Berlin, 1966.

Herceg, Pál. “The Sermons of the Book of Acts and the Apocryphal Acts.” Pages 153–70 in The Apocryphal Acts of John. Edited by Jan. N. Bremmer. SAAA 1. Kampen: Kok Pharos, 1995.

Hertling, Ludwig. “Literarisches zu den apokryphen Apostelakten.” ZKT 49.2 (1925): 219–43.

Hopkins, Keith. A World Full of Gods: The Strange Triumph of Christianity. New York: Free Press, 2000.

Hunt, Hannah. Clothed in the Body: Asceticism, the Body and the Spiritual in the Late Antique Era. Farnham, Surrey, England and Burlington, VT: Routledge, 2012.

Jones, F Stanley. “Principal Orientations on the Relations between the Apocryphal Acts (Acts of Paul and Acts of John; Acts of Peter and Acts of John).” SBLSP 32 (1993): 485–505.

Jordan, Hermann. Geschichte Der Altchristlichen Literatur. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer, 1911.

Junod, Éric. “Origène, Eusèbe et la tradition sur la répartition des champs de mission des apôtres (Eusèbe, HE III 1,1-3).” Les Actes apocryphes des apôtres: christianisme et monde païen. Edited by François Bovon. Genève: Labor et Fides, 1981.

———. “Créations romanesque et traditions ecclésiastiques dans les Actes apocryphes des apôtres.” Aug 23 (1983): 271–85.

Junod, Éric, and Jean-Daniel Kaestli. L’histoire des actes apocryphes des apôtres du Ille au IX siècle. CRThph 7. Lausanne: Faculté de théologie, 1982.

Kaestli, Jean-Daniel. “Fiction littéraire et réalité sociale: Que peut-on savoir de la place des femmes dans le milieu de production des Actes apocryphes des apôtre?” Apocrypha 1 (1990): 279–302.

———. “Les scènes d’attribution des champs de mission et de départ de l’apôtre dans les Actes apocryphes.” Pages 249–64 in Les Actes apocryphes des apôtres: christianisme et monde païen. Edited by François Bovon. Genève: Labor et Fides, 1981.

———. “Les principales orientations de la recherche sur les actes apocryphes.” Pages 49–67 in Les Actes Apocryphes des Apôtres: christianisme et monde païen. Edited by François Bovon. Publications de la Faculté de théologie de l’Université de Genève no 4. Genève: Editions Labor et Fides, 1981.

Kampen, Lieuwe van. Apostelverhalen: Doel En Compositie van de Oudste Apokriefe Handelingen Der Aposteln. Sliedrecht: Merweboek, 1990.

Klauck, Hans-Josef. The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: An Introduction. Translated by Brian McNeil. Waco: Baylor University Press, 2008. English trans. of Apokryphe Apostelakten. Stuttgart: Katholisches Bibelwerk, 2005.

———. “Himmlisches Haus Und Irdische Bleibe: Eschatologische Metaphorik in Antike Und Christentum.” NTS 50.1 (2004): 5–35.

Klijn, A. F. J. “The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” VC 37 (1983): 193–99.

Kraemer, Ross S. “The Conversion of Women to Ascetic Forms of Christianity.” Signs 6.2 (1980): 298–307.

Kroll, Josef. Gott und hölle, der mythos vom descensuskampfe. Studien der Bibliothek Warburg … XX. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1932.

Larsson, Kristian. “Intertextual Density, Quantifying Imitation.” JBL 133.2 (2014): 309–31.

Leloir, Louis. “Rapports entre les versions arménienne et syriaque des Actes apocryphes des Apôtres.” Pages 137–48 in Symposium Syriacum, 1976: célebré du 13 au 17 septembre 1976 au Centre Culturel “Les Fontaines” de Chantilly (France). Edited by François Graffin and Antoine Guillaumont. OrChrAn 205. Rome: Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum, 1978.

Lemm, Oscar von. “Koptische Apokryphe Apostelacten.” Bulletin de l’Academie Imperiale Des Sciences de St. Petersbourg 1 [33].4 (1890): 509–81.

Levine, Amy-Jill and Maria Mayo Robbins. A Feminist Companion to the New Testament Apocrypha. Feminist Companion to the New Testament and Early Christian Writings 11. Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 2006.

Loewenich, Walther von. “Die Petrus-, Andreas-, Paulus-, und Thomas-Akten.” Pages 109–12 in Das Johannes-Verständnis im zweiten Jahrhundert. BZNW 13. Gießen: Töpelmann, 1932.

MacDonald, Dennis Ronald. “Which Came First? Intertextual Relationships Among the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” Semeia 80 (1997): 11–41.

———. “The Role of Women in the Production of the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” Iliff Review 40 (1984): 21–38.

Macke, Karl. “Syrische Lieder Gnostischen Ursprungs.” Tübinger Theologische Quartalschrift 56 (1874): 1–70.

Marx, Friedrich. Filastrius, Diversarum Hereseon Liber. CSEL 38. Prague – Vienna – Leipzig: Academiae Litterarum Caesareae, 1889.

McNamara, Martin. The Apocrypha in the Irish Church. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1975.

Morard, Françoise. “Souffrance et martyre dans les actes apocryphes des apotres.” Pages 95–108 in Les Actes Apocryphes des Apôtres. Edited by François Bovon. Genève: Editions Labor et Fides, 1981.

Moss, Candida. Ancient Christian Martyrdom: Diverse Practices, Theologies, and Traditions. The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library. Yale: Anchor Yale Bible, 2012.

Niederwimmer, Kurt. Askese und Mysterium: Über Ehe. Ehescheidung und Eheverzicht in den Anfängen des christlichen Glaubens. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1975.

Peeters, Paul. “Traductions et Traducteurs Dans L’hagiographie Orientale À L’époque Byzantine.” AnBoll 40 (1922): 241–98.

Perkins, Judith. “This World or Another? The Intertextuality of the Greek Romances, the Apocryphal Acts and Apuleius’ Metamorphoses.” Semeia 80 (1997): 247–60.

———. “The Apocryphal Acts and Early Christian Martyrdom.” Arethusa 18 (1985): 211–30.

Perry, Ben Edwin. The Ancient Romances: A Literary-Historical Account of Their Origins. University of California Press, 1967.

Pervo, Richard I. “Narratives about the Apostles; Non-canonical Acts and Related Literature.” Pages 65–89 in Oxford Handbook to the Christian Apocrypha. Edited by Andrew Gregory and Christopher Tuckett. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

———. “The Role of the Apostles.” Pages 306–18 in Oxford Handbook to the Christian Apocrypha. Edited by Andrew Gregory and Christopher Tuckett. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

———. “Rhetoric in the Christian Apocrypha.” Pages 793–805 in A Handbook of Classical Rhetoric in the Hellenistic Period 330B.C.–A.D. 400. Edited by Stanley Porter. Leiden: Brill, 1998.

———. “Egging on the Chickens: A Cowardly Response to Dennis MacDonald and Then Some.” Semeia 80 (1997): 43–56.

———. “Early Christian Fiction.” Greek Fiction. The Greek Novel in Context. Edited by J. R. Morgan and R. Stoneman. London, New York: Routledge, 1994.

———. Profit with Delight: The Literary Genre of the Acts of the Apostles. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1987.

Photius. The Library of Photius. Translated by John Henry Freese. Translations of Christian literature I: Greek Texts. London: SPCK and New York: Macmillan, 1920.

Piontek, Ferdinand. Die Katholische Kirche Und Die Häretischen Apostelgeschichten Bis Zum Ausgange Des 6. Jahrhunderts: Ein Beitrag Zur Literaturgeschichte. Breslau: R. Nischkowsky, 1907.

Platner, J. W. “The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” Edited by Carl Schmidt. AmJT 8.3 (1904): 592–96.

Plümacher, Eckhard. “Apokryphe Apostelakten.” Col. 11–70 in Real-Encyclopädie Der Klassischen Altertumswissenschaft. Supplementbände 15, 1978.

Powell, Kathryn, and D. G. Scragg. Apocryphal Texts and Traditions in Anglo-Saxon England. Vol. 2. Publications of the Manchester Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2003.

Radermacher, Ludwig. Hippolytus und Thekla: Studien zur Geschichte von Legende und Kultus. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, philosophisch­historische Klasse, 182/3; Vienna: Holder, 1916.

Reardon, Bryan P. The Form of the Greek Romance. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.

———. Courants littéraires grecs: des IIe et IIIe siècles après J.-C. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1971.

Reitzenstein, Richard. Hellenistische Wundererzählungen. Leipzig: Teubner, 1906.

———. Himmelswanderung und drachenkampf in der alchemistischen und frühchristlichen literatur. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1916.

———. Historia Monachorum Und Historia Lausiaca. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1916.

———. Die Göttin Psyche. Heidelberg: Sitzungberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1917.

———. Das Iranische Erlösungsmysterium; Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen. Bonn a. Rh.: A. Marcus & E. Weber, 1921.

———. “Iranischer Erlösungsglaube.” ZNW 20 (1921): 1–23.

———. “Gedanken Zur Entwicklung Des Erlöserglaubens.” Historische Zeitschrift 126 (1922): 1–57.

Rostalski, Friedrich. Sprachliches zu den apokryphen Apostelgeschichten. 2 vols. Rölle, 1909–1911.

Sandnes, Karl Olav. “Seal and Baptism in Early Christianity.” Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity = Waschungen, Initiation Und Taufe: Spätantike, Frühes Judentum Und Frühes Christentum. Edited by David Hellholm. BZNW 176. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2011.

Schenke, Hans-Martin. Der Gott “Mensch” in der Gnosis: ein religionsgeschichtlicher Beitrag zur Diskussion über die paulinische Anschauung von der Kirche als Leib Christi. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1962.

Schermann, Theodor. Propheten- Und Apostellegenden, Nebst Jüngerkatalogen Des Dorotheus Und Verwandter Texte. Bearbeitet Von D.T. Schermann. Leipzig: Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung, 1907.

Schmidt, Karl Ludwig. Kanonische und apokryphe Evangelien und Apostelgeschichten. Basel: Majer, 1944.

Schneemelcher, Wilhelm. Gesammelte Aufsätze zum Neuen Testament und zur Patristik. Thessaloniki: Patriarchal Institute for Patristic Studies, 1974.

Siegert, Folker. “Analyses Rhétoriques et Stylistiques Portant Sur Les Actes de Jean et Les Actes de Thomas.” Apocrypha 8 (1997): 231–50.

Skeat, Walter W., ed. Aelfric’s Lives of Saints: Being a Set of Sermons on Saints’ Days Formerly Observed by the English Church. Early English Text Society. Original series, 76, 82, 94, 114 76, 82, NaN, 114. London and New York: N. Trübner & Co., 1881.

Snyder, Julia A. “Acts of John, Acts of Peter, Acts of Thecla, 3 Corinthians, Martyrdom of Paul.” Pages 363–85 in The Reception of Jesus in the First Three Centuries, Volume 2. Edited by Jens Schröter and Christine Jacobi. London: Bloomsbury T. & T. Clark, 2019.

———. “Relationships between the Acts of the Apostles and Other Apostle Narratives.” Pages 319–41 in Between Canonical and Apocryphal Texts: Processes of Reception, Rewriting and Interpretation in Early Judaism and Early Christianity. Edited by Jörg Frey, Claire Clivaz, and Tobias Nicklas. WUNT 419. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2015.

Söder, Rosa. Die Apokryphen Apostelgeschichten und die Romanhafte Literatur der Antike. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1932.

Solevåg, Anna Rebecca. “A Feminist Companion to the New Testament Apocrypha.” Theology and Sexuality 18.1 (2012): 106–8.

Spittler, Janet E. Animals in the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles. WUNT 2 247. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2008.

———. “Christianity at the Edges: Representations of the Ends of the Earth in the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” Pages 353–77 in The Rise and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries of the Common Era. Edited by Clare K. Rothschild and Jens Schröter. WUNT 301. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013), 353–77.

Sturhahn, C. L. Die Christologie Der Ältesten Apokryphen Apostelakten. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1952.

Tissot, Yves. “Encratisme et Actes apocryphes.” Pages 109–19 in Les actes apocryphes. Les actes apocryphes des apôtres. Edited by François Bovon. Genève: Editions Labor et Fides, 1981.

Uytfanghe, M. Van. “Encratisme En Verborgen Erotiek in de Apocriefe ‘Apostelromans.’ Omtrent de Christelijke Problematisering van de Sexualiteit.” Handelingen van de Koninklijke Zuidnederlandse Maatschappij voor Taal-en Letterkunde en Geschiedenis 45 (1991): 175–94.

Weigandt, Peter. “Der Doketismus Im Urchristentum Und in Der Theologischen Entwicklung Des Zweiten Jahrhunderts.” 2 vols. PhD diss: Ruprecht-Karls-Universität-Heidelberg, 1961.

Weis-Liebersdorf, Johannes Evangelista. Christus- und apostelbilder. Einfluss der apokryphen auf die ältesten Kunsttypen. Freiburg: Herdersche Verlagshandlung, 1902.

Winkler, Gabriele. “Weitere Beobachtungen Zur Frühen Epiklese (Den Doxologien Und Dem Sanctus). Über Die Bedeutung Der Apokryphen Für Die Erforschung Der Entwicklung Der Riten.” OrChr 80 (1996): 177–200.

Zumstein, Jean. “L’apôtre comme martyr.” RTP 112 (1980): 371–90.

3.5.2 Acts of Thomas

Abouzayd, S. “The Acts of Thomas and the Unity of the Dualistic World in the Syrian Orient.” ARAM 1 (1989): 217–52.

Adamik, Tamás. “The Serpent in the Acts of Thomas.” Pages 115–24 in The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas. Edited by Jan N. Bremmer. Studies in Early Christian Apocrypha 6. Leuven: Peeters, 2001.

Attridge, Harold W. “Acts of Thomas.” Pages 290–307 in Early New Testament Apocrypha. Edited by J. Christopher Edwards. Ancient Literature for New Testament Studies 9. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2022.

———. “The Original Language of the Acts of Thomas.” Pages 241–50 in Of Scribes and Scrolls: Studies on the Hebrew Bible, Intertestamental Judaism, and Christian Origins Presented to John Strugnell on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday. Edited by Harold W Attridge, John J. Collins, and T.H. Tobin. Lanham, Md: Univ Press of America, 1990.

———. “Paul and the Domestication of Thomas.” Pages 218–31 in Theology and Ethics in Paul and His Interpreters. Edited by Eugene H. Lovering and Jerry L. Sumney. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1996.

———. “Intertextuality in the Acts of Thomas.” Semeia 80 (1997): 87–124.

Bevan, A. The Hymn of the Soul Contained in the Syriac Acts of St. Thomas. TS 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1897.

Beyer, Klaus. “Das Syrische Perlenied: Ein Erlösungsmythos Als Märchengedicht.” ZDMG 140 (1990): 234–59.

Blond, Georges. “L’encratisme Dans Les Actes Apocryphes de Thomas.” Recherches et Travaux 1.2 (1946): 5–25.

Bolyki, János. “Human Nature and Character as Moving Factors of Plot in the Acts of Thomas.” Pages 91–100 in The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas. Edited by Jan N. Bremmer. Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 6. Leuven: Peeters, 2001.

Bonnet, Maximilian. “Actes de Saint Thomas, Apôtre: Le Poème de L’âme, Version Grecque Remaniée Par Nicetas de Thessalonique.” AnBoll 20 (1901): 159–64.

Boone, Eric. “L’onction Pré-Baptismale: Sens et Origine. Un Exemple Dans Les Actes de Thomas.” Studia Patristica 30 (1997): 291–95.

Bornkamm, Günther. Mythos Und Legende in Den Apokryphen Thomas-Akten. FRLANT 31. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1933.

Bosch, Lourens P. van den. “India and the Apostolate of St. Thomas.” Pages 125–48 in The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas. Edited by Jan N. Bremmer. Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 6. Leuven: Peeters, 2001.

Bousset, Wilhelm. “Die Himmelsreise Der Seele.” ARG 4 (1901): 136–69, 229–73.

———. “Manichäisches in Den Thomasakten.” ZNW 18 (1917): 1–39.

Bremmer, Jan N. “Bibliography of the Acts of Thomas.” Pages 171–75 in The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas. Edited by Jan N. Bremmer. Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 6. Leuven: Peeters, 2001.

———. “The Acts of Thomas: Place, Date and Women.” Pages 74–90 in The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas. Edited by Jan. N. Bremmer. Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 6. Leuven: Peeters, 2001.

———, ed. The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas. Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 6. Leuven: Peeters, 2001.

———. “The Five Major Apocryphal Acts: Authors, Place, Time and Readership.” Pages 149–70 in The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas. Edited by Jan N. Bremmer. Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 6. Leuven: Peeters, 2001.

Burch, Vacher. “A Commentary on the ‘Syriac Hymn of the Soul.’” JTS 19.74/75 (1918): 145–61.

Burkitt, Francis Crawford. “Another Indication of the Syriac Origin of the Acts of Thomas.” JTS 3 (1902): 94–95.

———. “Review of E. Preuschen, Zwei Gnostische Hymnen.” Theologisch Tijdschrift 39 (1905): 270–82.

———. “Sarbôg, Shuruppak.” JTS 4.13 (1902): 125–27.

———. The Hymn of Bardaisan Rendered into English. London: Edward Arnold, Essex House, 1899.

———. “The Hymn of the Soul.” The Quest 5.2 (1914): 617–28.

———. “The Name Habban in the Acts of Thomas.” JTS 2 (1901): 429.

———. “The Original Language of the Acts of Judas Thomas.” JTS 1 [2] (1900): 280–90.

Burns, Dylan M. “‘The Garment Poured Its Entire Self over Me’: Christian Baptismal Traditions and the Origins of the Hymn of the Pearl.” Pages 261–73 in Gnosticism, Platonism and the Late Ancient World: Essays in Honour of John D. Turner. Edited by John Douglas. Turner, Kevin. Corrigan, and Tuomas. Rasimus. Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies 82. Leiden: Brill, 2013.

Burrus, Virginia, and Karen Jo Torjesen. “The Story of Mygdonia and Tertia from the Acts of Thomas.” Ascetic Behavior in Greco-Roman Antiquity: A Sourcebook. Edited by Vincent Wimbush. SAC. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990.

Bussagli, Mario. “The Apostle St. Thomas and India.” East and West 3.2 (1952): 88–94.

Cartlidge, David R. “Transfigurations of Metamorphosis Traditions in the Acts of John, Thomas, and Peter.” Semeia 38 (1986): 53–66.

Casiday, Augustine. “Royal Virgins: Aldhelm of Malmesbury’s Use of the Passio Sancti Thomae.” Pages 301–306 in Studia Patristica Vol. XXXIX – Historica, Biblica, Ascetica et Hagiographica. Edited by Frances Young, Mark Edwards, and Paul Parvis. Leuven: Peeters, 2006.

Centore, Giuseppe. “Lo Gnosticismo E Il Canto Dell Perla.” Studi Storici E Religiosi 5.2 (1996): 153–76.

Colless, Brian E. “The Letter to the Hebrews and the Song of the Pearl.” Abr-Nahrain 25 (1987): 40–55.

Connolly, R. H. “A Negative Golden Rule in the Syriac Acts of Thomas.” JTS 36.144 (1935): 353–56.

———. “The Original Language of the Syriac Acts of Thomas.” JTS 8 (1907): 249–61.

Conybeare, Frederick C. “The Idea of Sleep in the ‘Hymn of the Soul.’” JTS 6.24 (1905): 609–10.

Conzelmann, Hans. “Zu Mythos, Mythologie Und Formgeschichte, Geprüft an Der Dritten Praxis Der Thomas-Akten.” ZNW 67.1–2 (1976): 111–22.

Cosgrove, Charles H. “Singing Thomas: Anatomy of a Sympotic Scene in Acts of Thomas.” VC 69.3 (2015): 256–75.

Culianu, I. “Erzählung Und Mythos Im ‘Lied von Der Perle.’” Kairos 21 (1979): 60–71.

Czachesz, István. “The Bride of the Demon. Narrative Strategies of Self-Definition in the Acts of Thomas.” Pages 36–52 in The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas. Edited by Jan N. Bremmer. Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 6. Leuven: Peeters, 2001.

———. Commission Narratives: A Comparative Study of the Canonical and Apocryphal Acts. Leuven: Peeters, 2007 (pp. 123–39).

———. “Speaking Asses in the Acts of Thomas: An Intertextual and Cognitive Perspective.” Pages 275–85 in The Prestige of the Pagan Prophet Balaam in Judaism, Early Christianity and Islam. Edited by George H. van Kooten and Jacques van Ruiten. TBN 11. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2008.

Delaunay, Jacques-Amaury. “Rite et Symbolique En Acta Thomae Vers. Syr. I, 2a et Ss.” Pages 11–34 in Mémorial Jean de Menasce. Edited by Philippe Gignoux and Ahmad Tafazzoli. Fondation culturelle iranienne 185. Louvain: Imprimerie orientalisme, 1974.

Dell’Isola, Maria. “How Temporality Shapes Social Structure in the Acts of Thomas.” Vigiliae Christianae (2022): 1–21.

Devos, Paul. “Le Miracle Posthume de Saint Thomas L’apôtre.” AnBoll 66 (1948): 231–75.

———. “Actes de Thomas et Actes de Paul.” AnBoll 69 (1951): 119–30.

Dihle, Albrecht. “Neues Zur Thomas-Tradition.” JAC 6 (1963): 54–70.

Doerfler, Maria, Emanuel Fiano, and Kyle Smith. “When Judas Thomas the Apostle Prays: Intercessory Prayer in Early Syriac Literature.” Pages 277–94 in Syriac encounters: papers from the sixth North American Syriac Symposium, Duke University, 26-29 June 2011. Eastern Christian Studies 20. Leuven: Peeters, 2015.

Dognini, Cristiano, and Ilaria Ramelli. Gli Apostoli in India Nella Patristica E Nella Letteratura Sanscrita. Milano: Edizioni Medusa, 2001.

Drijvers, Han J. W. East of Antioch: Studies in Early Syriac Christianity. Collected Studies Series 198.  London: Variorum Reprints, 1984.

———. “Apocryphal Literature in the Cultural Milieu of Osrhoëne.” Apocrypha 1 (1990): 231–47.

Drower, E. S. “Hibil-Ziwa and the Parthian Prince.” JRAS 3/4 (1954): 152–56.

Duncan-Jones, Arthur Stuart. “Review of Preuschen, Zwei Gnostische Hymnen.” JTS 6 (1905): 448–51.

Ernst, Carl W. “Fragmentary Versions of the Apocryphal ‘Hymn of the Pearl’ in Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Urdu.” JSAI 32 (2006): 144–88.

Ferreira, Johan. “A Comparison of the Clothing Metaphor in the Hymn of the Pearl and the Chinese Manichaean Hymnscroll.” Pages 209–19 in Studia Manichaica: IV. Internationaler Kongress zum Manichäismus, Berlin, 14.-18. juli 1997. Edited by R. E. Emmerick, Werner Sundermann, and Peter Zieme. Berichte und Abhandlungen. Sonderband 4. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2000.

———. The Hymn of the Pearl. The Syriac and Greek Texts with Introduction, Translation, and Notes. Early Christian Studies 3. Sydney: St. Pauls Publications Sydney, 2002.

Fiaccadori, Gianfranco. “Tommaso in Etiopia.” SCO 34 (1984): 298–307.

Fredrikson, Nadia Ibrahim. “La Perle, Entre L’océan et Le Ciel. Origines et Évolution D’un Symbole Chrétien.” RHR 220.3 (2003): 283–317.

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