Standard abbreviation: List Doroth.
Other titles: Synopsis Apostolorum
Clavis numbers: ECCA 478
Category: Lists of Apostles and Disciples
Related literature: Story of Andrew, and various apocryphal acts
Compiled by: Tony Burke, York University
Citing this resource (using Chicago Manual of Style): Burke, Tony. “List of the Apostles and Disciples, by Pseudo-Dorotheus of Tyre.” e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha. Accessed DAY MONTH YEAR. https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/list-of-the-apostles-and-disciples-by-pseudo-dorotheus-of-tyre/
Created February 2022. Current as of January 2024.
1. SUMMARY
The list is found within a text relating to a visit of Pope John I to Constantinople in 525. When asked by the Patriarch of Constantinople to join him in celebrating the liturgy on Christmas Day, the Pope insisted on celebrating the liturgy before the Patriarch did, because his see was older than that of Constantinople. He was then presented with a document ascribed to Dorotheus of Tyre, who is otherwise unknown and likely legendary. Biographical data in the text reports that he suffered in the persecution under Diocletian, and went on to die as a martyr under Licinius. The document by Dorotheus, translated from Latin by a certain Procopius, is a list of the activity of the seventy disciples. The key section is the description of Andrew’s journeys, which includes mention of ordaining Stachys as Bishop of Byzantium. This indicates that the see of Constantinople had an older foundation than that of Rome. The Pope acknowledges the document’s authority but continues to claim precedence over Constantinople because Rome was established by Peter. And the Patriarch is satisfied. The text then presents a list of twenty other bishops who succeeded Stachys up to Metrophanes, the first bishop whose name can be traced with certainty, and who held the see under Constantine the Great.
The compilation also includes a list of the prophets, said to have been written in Aramaic and translated into Greek by Dorotheus. Note also that the story of the deaths of the Herods—found in multiple sources including several apocryphal texts about John the Baptist—follows soon after the list of the apostles. The full compilation was likely assembled in the eighth century; certainly before 810/811, when Theophanes the Confessor composed his Chronicle, which mentions Dorotheus and his list of bishops. The Andrew tradition is known also in the Story of Andrew.
The following provisional translation of the lists of disciples and apostles is based on the edition of Schermann.
List of Disciples
1. James, the brother of the Lord, was (ordained) first bishop of Jerusalem by the Lord himself.
2. Cleopas, also named Simeon, was the cousin of the Lord and second bishop of Jerusalem; and he saw him after his resurrection from the dead.
3. Matthias , who completed the number of the twelve apostles.
4. Thaddaeus, who carried the letter to Abgar the toparch in Edessa and cured his illness.
5. Ananias, who baptized the holy Paul and afterwards was bishop of Damascus.
6. Stephen, the first martyr and one of those chosen by the twelve apostles as a deacon.
7. Philip, one of the seven (deacons), who baptized Simon and the Eunuch, was bishop of Tralles, in Asia.
8. Prochorus, one of the seven, was bishop of Bithynian Nicomedia.
9. Nicanor, one of the seven, who died on the same day as Saint Stephen with two thousand others who placed their hope in Christ.
10. Timon, one of the seven, was bishop of Bostra in Arabia; he was burned by the Hellenes.
11. Parmenas , also one of the seven, died before the eyes of the apostles while he was serving.
12. Nicolaus, also one of the seven, was bishop of Samaria; but he fell into heresy together with Simon.
13. Barnabas, who served the Word with Paul, preached Christ first in Rome, afterwards becoming bishop of Milan.
14. Mark the Evangelist was ordained bishop of Alexandria by the apostle Peter.
15. Silas who served the Word together with Paul, becoming bishop of Corinth.
16. Luke, who preached the Gospel all over the world together with Paul.
17. Silvanus, who served the Word together with Paul, became bishop of Thessalonica.
18. Crescens, whom the Apostle mentions in the second epistle to Timothy, was bishop of Chalcedon in Gallia (Galatia).
19. Epaenetus, whom the Apostle mentions in his epistle to the Romans, was also bishop of Carthage.
20. Andronicus, whom the Apostle mentions in his epistle to the Romans, was also bishop of Spanias.
21. Amplias, whom the Apostle also mentions in his epistle to the Romans, was bishop of Odyssus.
22. Urbanus, whom the Apostle also mentions in (the epistle) to the Romans, was bishop of Macedonia.
23. Stachys, whom the Apostle also mentions in the epistle to the Romans; whom also Andrew the apostle, traversing the sea of Pontus, in Argyropolis of Thrace appointed bishop of Byzantium.
24. Apelles, whom the Apostle mentions in (the epistle) to the Romans, was bishop of Herakleia.
25. Phigellus, the follower of Simon, was bishop of Ephesus.
26. Hermogenes was appointed bishop of Megara.
27. Demas, whom the Apostle mentions in his second epistle to Timothy, because Phigellus and Hermogenes fell into heresy, departed from his teaching. Demas, loving this present world, left behind the evangelical word and became a priest of idols in Thessalonica. About him the apostle John wrote: “They went out from us, but they were not of us.”
28. Apelles, whom the Apostle mentions in (the epistle) to the Romans, was Bishop of Smyrna before Saint Polycarp.
29. Aristobulus, whom the Apostle also mentions in (the epistle) to the Romans, was bishop of Britain.
30. Narcissus, mentioned in (the epistle) to the Romans, was bishop of Athens.
31. Herodion, mentioned in (the epistle) to the Romans, was bishop of Patras.
32. Agabus, who is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, received the gift of prophecy.
33. Rufus, whom the apostle mentions in (the epistle) to the Romans, was bishop of Thebes.
34. Asyncritus, who is mentioned in (the epistle) to the Romans, was bishop of Hyrcania.
35. Phlegon, who is mentioned in (the epistle) to the Romans, was bishop of Marathon.
36. Hermes, who is mentioned in (the epistle) to the Romans, was bishop of Dalmatia.
37. Patrobus, whom the apostle mentions, was bishop of Pozzuoli.
38. Hermas, who is mentioned in (the epistle) to the Romans, was bishop of Philipopolis.
39. Linus was bishop of Rome after the apostle Peter.
40. Gaius, whom the Apostle mentions, was bishop of Ephesus after Timothy, the disciple of the apostle Paul.
41. Philologus, whom the Apostle also mentions, was made bishop in Sinope by the apostle Andrew.
42–43. Olympas and Rodion, whom the Apostle also mentions, were beheaded in Rome by Nero at the same time as the apostle Peter.
44. Lucius, who is also mentioned in (the epistle) to the Romans, was bishop of Syrian Laodicea.
45. Jason, who is also mentioned in (the epistle) to the Romans, was bishop of Tarsus.
46. Sosipater, who is also mentioned in (the epistle) to the Romans, was bishop of Iconium.
47. Tertius, who wrote the epistle to the Romans, was the second bishop of Iconium.
48. Erastus, whom the Apostle also mentions in his epistle, was treasurer of the church in Jerusalem and later was bishop of Paneas.
49. Quartus, whom the Apostle also mentions in his epistle, was bishop of Beirut.
50. Apollos, whom the Apostle also mentions in his epistle to the Corinthians, was bishop of Caesarea.
51. Cephas, whom the apostle Paul disgraced in Antioch, was bishop of Koma.
52. Sosthenes, whom the Apostle also mentions, was bishop of Colophon.
53. Tychicus, whom the Apostle also mentions, was also bishop of Colophon.
54. Epaphraditus, whom the Apostle also mentions, was bishop of Andriake.
55. Caesar, whom the Apostle also mentions, was bishop in Dyrrhachium.
56. Mark, the nephew of Barnabas, whom the Apostle also mentions, was bishop of Apollonias.
57. Jesus, called Justus, whom the Apostle also mentions in the Acts of the Apostles, was bishop of Eleutheropolis.
58. Artemas, whom the Apostle also mentions, was bishop of Lystra.
59. Clement, whom the Apostle also mentions, saying, “with Clement and my other fellow workers,” was first from the gentiles and Greeks to believe in Christ, was afterwards bishop of Serdica.
60. Onesiphorus, whom the Apostle also mentions, was bishop of Coronea.
61. Tychicus, whom the Apostle also mentions, was the first bishop of Bithynian Chalcedon.
62. Carpus, whom the Apostle also mentions, was bishop of Thracian Beroe.
63. Evodius was bishop of Antioch after the apostle Peter, and the Apostle also mentions him.
64. Aristarchus, whom the apostle mentions, was bishop of Syrian Apamea.
65. Mark, called John, who Luke mentions in the Acts, was bishop of Byblos.
66. Zenas the lawyer, whom the Apostle also mentions, was bishop of Diospolis.
67. Philemon, to whom he wrote an epistle, was bishop of Gaza.
68–70. Aristarchus and Pudens and Trophimus: these three suffered together with the apostle Paul through all his persecutions; in the end they were beheaded in Rome by Emperor Nero.
List of Apostles
1. The apostle Peter preached the gospel in Galatia and in the inlands of Pontus and in all Cappadocia and Bithynia with his companions from Antioch, and later in all of Italy and in Rome, there also being crucified by Nero, he was buried in Rome before the third of the Calends of July.
2. Andrew, his brother, he went through all the coastal cities of Bithynia and also Pontus, Thrace and Scythia preaching the Lord. And after he went to Sebastopolis Major where are the fort of Apsarus, the port of Hyssos and the Phasis River, there the innermost Ethiopians dwell. He is buried at Patras of Achaea, having been crucified by Aegeates.
3. James, the (son) of Zebedee, after evangelizing the twelve tribes of Israel, he was killed by the sword by Herod the tetrarch in Caesarea Palaestina.
4. John, his brother, who also wrote the Gospel, after preaching Christ in Ephesus, was exiled by Emperor Trajan to the island of Patmos because of the word of Christ. Having been transformed with his rise from the earth, a rumor arose that he was taken up in the flesh with Enoch and Elijah.
5. Philip the apostle, after preaching the gospel in Phrygia, died in Hierapolis with his seven daughters, as Luke the evangelist relates in the Acts of the Apostles.
6. Bartholomew the apostle, after preaching Christ to the Indians called Happy and giving them the Gospel of Matthew, he died in Corbanopolis of Armenia Major.
7. Thomas the apostle, after preaching the gospel of Christ to the peoples of Parthia, Medea, Persia, Carmania, Bactria, and Magia (Margiana), was made perfect in the city of India called Calamine.
8. Matthew the evangelist, entrusted the gospel in the Hebrew language to the church in Jerusalem, after preaching Christ, was made perfect in Hierapolis of Syria.
9. Judas of James, after preaching Christ in all of Mesopotamia was made perfect in Edessa and was buried there.
10. Simon, who was called Judas, after preaching in Eleutheropolis and from Gaza as far as Egypt, having been crucified by Emperor Trajan was buried in the city of Ostracine of Egypt.
11. Matthias, who was numbered with the eleven apostles in place of Judas Iscariot, after preaching Christ in Ethiopia Prima, later he was crucified in Britain by them and being made perfect, he was buried there.
12. Simon, the Zealot, after preaching Christ to all Mauritania and going around the region of Aphron (Africa?), later also was crucified in Britain by them and being made perfect, he was buried there.
2. RESOURCES
2.1 Web Sites and Other Online Resources
“Dorotheus of Tyre.” Wikipedia.
“Seventy Apostles.” Orthodoxwiki.
“The Choosing of the Seventy Holy Apostles.” St Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church (English translation from “the Slavonic Apostolos”).
A sixteenth-century fresco in the Benedictine Abbey of Reichenau features two pages of an open book, each with the portraits and names of 36 disciples. The list is based on Pietro Natal’s Catalogus sanctorum et gestorum eorum (see 3.1.4.3 below), which is derived from Ps.-Dorotheus. See Bernd Konrad and Peter Weimar, Die Renaissancefresken im spätgotischen Chor des Reichenauer Münsters (Reichenauer Texte und Bilder 10; Stuttgart: Thorbecke, 2002), pp. 66–81, pl. 4–6 and 12; and Dolbeau, “Trois témoins méconnus,” 230–34.
3. BIBLIOGRAPHY
3.1 Manuscripts and Editions
3.1.1 Arabic (List of Disciples translated from Greek, via Coptic, in Abū-l-Barakāt, Lamp of Darkness 14 [14th cent.])
A Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. ar. 623, pp. 97–103 (16th cent.) ~ DigiVatLib
B Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. ar. 106, pp. 98–104 (1718)
Baumstark, Anton. “Abū-l-Barakāts ‘griechisches’ Verzeichnis der 70 Jünger.” OrChr 2 (1902): 312–42 (Arabic text based on A and B with facing Latin translation, pp. 316–42).
3.1.2 Armenian (BHO 88)
Bitchakdijan, J. “Une liste arménienne des soixante-douze disciples du Christ dans un manuscrit de la bibliothèque nationale de Paris.” Études orientales 9–10 (1991): 70–74.
Leloir, Louis. Écrits apocryphes sur les apôtres. CCSA 3–4. 2 vols. Turnhout: Brepols, 1986–1992 (translation of Armenian text, vol. 2, pp. 745–56).
3.1.3 Georgian
K Tblisi, Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia, A-144, fols. 173r–175v (10th cent.)
P Tblisi, Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia, A-9S, fols. 79v–83r (10th cent.)
Esbroeck, Michel van. “Neuf listes d’apôtres orientales.” Aug 34 (1994): 109–99 (texts of the two manuscripts, 169–81; Latin translation, pp. 125–32; commentary, pp. 132–35).
3.1.4 Greek (BHG 151–152)
A Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 237, fols. 242v–246v (10th cent.) ~ Gregory-Aland 82; Pinakes; Gallica
a Rome, Biblioteca Casanatense, 334, fols. 325–331 (17th cent.) ~ Pinakes
a1 Mount Athos, Monē Megistes Lavras, Κ 34, fol. 247 (18th cent.) ~ Pinakes
𝕬 Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Ott. gr. 167, fols. 147–148 (14th cent.) ~ Pinakes; DigiVatLib
α Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, 506 (M 15 sup.), fols. 114–115 (15th cent.) ~ copy of 𝕬; Pinakes
B Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Coislin 224, fols. 8v–12, 17v–18 (11th cent.) ~ Pinakes; Gallica
B1 Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, theol. gr. 34, fol. 39 (11th cent.) ~ Pinakes
B2 Oxford, Bodleian Library, Barocci 206, fols. 124r–130v– (13th cent.) ~ Pinakes
b Rome, Biblioteca Vallicelliana, C 97.II, fol. 69 (1425) ~ Pinakes
C Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Coislin 205, fols. 258v–267v (11th cent.) ~ Gregory-Aland 93; Pinakes; Gallica
C1 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, 211, fols. 218–224v (11th cent.) ~ Gregory-Aland 177; Pinakes; images
𝕮 Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. gr. 1974, fols. 4–5 (12th cent.) ~ Pinakes
D Leiden, Biblioteek der Rijksuniversiteit, Voss. gr. Fº 46, fols. 170v–172v (10th cent.) ~ Pinakes
D1 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Coislin 209, fols. 260r–267v– (11th cent.) ~ Pinakes; Gallica
D2 Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Plut. 4. 32, fols. 3–6 (11th cent.) ~ Gregory-Aland 459; Pinakes; images
d Mount Athos, Mone Iberon, 60, fols. 191–195 (13th cent.) ~ Pinakes
d1 Naples, Biblioteca nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III, II C 34, fols. 137–141v– (16th cent.) ~ Pinakes
δ Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Ott. gr. 408, fol. 144v (16th cent.) ~ copy of d1; Pinakes
d2 Mount Athos, Monē Megistes Lavras, Ω 38 (17th cent.) ~ Pinakes
d3 Mount Athos, Monē Dionisiou, 120 (14th cent.) ~ not used by Schermann; Pinakes
d4 Mount Athos, Monē Esphigmenou, 87 (14th cent.) ~ not used by Schermann; Pinakes
d5 Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, H 104 sup., fols. 157r–157v (1434) ~ not used by Schermann; Pinakes
d6 Philadelphia, Library Company of Philadelphia, MS 3 (1141.F), fols. 113v–118v (14th cent.) ~ not used by Schermann; Pinakes; images
𝕯 Oxford, Bodleian Library, Barocci 142, fol. 290 (14th cent.) ~ apostolic list of Ps.-Epiphanius with Ps.-Dorotheus on disciples (BHG 152k); Pinakes; images
𝕯1 Madrid, Biblioteca nacional, 4644, fols. 37v–40r (ca. 1490) ~ not used by Schermann; Pinakes; images
𝕯2 Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, L 49 sup., fols. 118–120 (13th cent.) ~ not used by Schermann; Pinakes
E Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 1085, fols. 261–272 (12th cent.) ~ Pinakes; Gallica
e Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Coisl. 258, fols. 212v–215v (12th cent.) ~ Pinakes; Gallica
e1 Naples, Biblioteca nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III, II A 27, fols. 312r–322v– (15th cent.) ~ Pinakes
𝕰 Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Ott. gr. 268, fols. 43r–45r (16th cent.)
V Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, theol. gr. 77, fol. 259 (13th/14th cent.) ~ Pinakes
Additional manuscripts (with more listed on Pinakes):
London, British Library, Egerton 3145+Add. 28815, 66v-67v (10th cent.) ~ Gregory-Aland 699; Pinakes; BL
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 1085 (Reg. 1789), fols. 261r–272v (1001)
Turin, Biblioteca Nazionale Universitaria, C.V.1 , frag. C8, C13, C15 (14th cent.) ~ Gregory-Aland 613; Pinakes; catalog; INTF
Cave, William (Guilielmo). Scriptorum ecclesiasticorum historia literaria a Christo nato usque ad. saec. XIV. 2 vols. London: Richard Chiswell, 1688–1710 (text from 𝕯 and B2 with Latin translation, vol. 1, pp. 114–23).
Dindorf, Ludwig A. Chronicon Paschale. 3 vols. Bonn: Weber, 1832 (incorporating manuscript D with Latin translation, vol. 2, pp. 120–41).
Fabricius, Johann A. De vita et morte Mosis. Hamburg: Christian Liebezeit, 1714 (Greek text with Latin translation, pp. 470–87).
Migne, Jacques Paul. Patrologiae cursus completus: Series graeca. Vol. 92. Paris: Cerf, 1865 (reprint of text from Dindorf, cols. 1059–76).
Schermann, Theodor. Prophetarum vitae fabulosae, indices apostolorum discipulorumque Domini, Dorotheo, Epiphanio, Hippolyto aliisque vindicata. Leipzig: B. G. Teubneri, 1907 (edition based on thirty sources, pp. xli–l; 131–60).
3.1.5 Latin
3.1.5.1 Dolbeau text 5
Metz, Bibliothèque municipale, 1160, fols. 3r–3v (12th cent.)
Dolbeau, François. “Listes latines d’apôtres et de disciples, traduites du grec.” Apocrypha 3 (1992): 259–78 (discussion, p. 267). Reprinted as pages 199–225 in Prophètes, apôtres et disciples dans les traditions chrétiennes d’Occident: Vies brèves et listes en latin. Subsidia Hagiographica 92. Brussels: Société des Bollandistes, 2012.
———. “Une liste latine de disciples et d’apôtres traduite sur la recension grecque du Pseudo-Dorothée.” AnBoll 108 (1990): 51–70 (text of Metz 1160, pp. 61–70). Reprinted as pages 243–314 in Prophètes, apôtres et disciples dans les traditions chrétiennes d’Occident: Vies brèves et listes en latin. Subsidia Hagiographica 92. Brussels: Société des Bollandistes, 2012.
3.1.5.2 Dolbeau text 6 (BHL 654 kj)
Montecassino, Archivio di Montecassino, 295 MM, pp. 260–262 (11th cent.) ~ includes only the list of the 70 disciples; ends at Onesiphorous
Rome, Biblioteca Vallicelliana, B 66, fols. 2v–4v (11th cent.) ~ includes only the list of the 70 disciples
Dolbeau, François. “Listes latines d’apôtres et de disciples, traduites du grec.” Apocrypha 3 (1992): 259–78 (discussion, p. 268). Reprinted as pages 199–225 in Prophètes, apôtres et disciples dans les traditions chrétiennes d’Occident: Vies brèves et listes en latin. Subsidia Hagiographica 92. Brussels: Société des Bollandistes, 2012 (includes edition based on both manuscripts, pp. 217–20).
Tosti, Lugi. Bibliotheca Casinensis. 5 vols. Montecassino: Typis Montis Casini, 1873–1894 (excerpt from Montecassino 295 MM, pp. 268–69).
3.1.5.3 Dolbeau text 9 (some fragments in Golden Legend, Pietro Calò’s, Legendae de sanctis), and its abbreviation in Pietro Natal’s Catalogus sanctorum et gestorum eorum)
Dolbeau, François. “Trois témoins méconnus de l’Index disciplinorum du Pseudo-Dorothée (XIVe–XVIe s.).” Hagiographica 15 (2008): 213–55 (synoptic edition of Calò and Natal, pp. 237–54). Reprinted as pages 283–325 in Prophètes, apôtres et disciples dans les traditions chrétiennes d’Occident: Vies brèves et listes en latin. Subsidia Hagiographica 92. Brussels: Société des Bollandistes, 2012.
———. “Listes latines d’apôtres et de disciples, traduites du grec.” Apocrypha 3 (1992): 259–78. Reprinted as pages 199–225 in Prophètes, apôtres et disciples dans les traditions chrétiennes d’Occident: Vies brèves et listes en latin. Subsidia Hagiographica 92. Brussels: Société des Bollandistes, 2012 (discussion in reprint only, pp. 212–13).
3.2 Modern Translations
3.3 General Works
Cleminson, Ralph. “Text or Paratext? The Synopsis Apostolorum of Dorotheus of Tyre.” Scripta & e-Scripta 18 (2018): 65–74.
Dolbeau, François. “Listes d’apôtres et de disciples.” Pages 415–80 in Écrits apocryphes chrétiens. Vol. 2. Edited by Pierre Geoltrain and Jean-Daniel Kaestli. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade 443. Paris: Gallimard, 2005 (pp. 460–61). Reprinted with expansions as pages 171–98 in Prophètes, apôtres et disciples dans les traditions chrétiennes d’Occident: Vies brèves et listes en latin. Subsidia Hagiographica 92. Brussels: Société des Bollandistes, 2012.
Dvornik, Francis. The idea of Apostolicity in Byzantium and the Legend of the Apostle Andrew. Dumbarton Oaks Studies 4. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958 (pp. 156–79).
Guignard, Christophe. “Greek Lists of the Apostles: New Findings and Open Questions.” ZAC 20 (2016): 469–95 (esp. p. 479).
Leloir, Louis. Écrits apocryphes sur les apôtres. CCSA 3–4. 2 vols. Turnhout: Brepols, 1986–1992 (introduction, vol. 2, pp. 711–22).
Lipsius, Richard A. Die Apokryphen Apostelgeschichten und Apostellegenden. Ein Beitrag zur altchristlichen Literaturgeschichte. 2 vols. Braunschweig: Schwetschke, 1883–1887 (see vol. 1, pp. 18–22, 198–202).
Mango, Cyril. “Constantinople’s Mount of Olives and Pseudo-Dorotheus of Tyre.” Νέα Ῥώμη 6 (2009): 157–70.
Schermann, Theodor. Propheten- und Apostellegenden nebst Jüngerkatalogen des Dorotheus und verwandter Texte. TUGAL 31/3. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1907 (esp. pp. 144–53).
Vinogradov, Andrey. “Апостольские списки – «забытая» страница христианской литературы [Apostolic Lists: A “Forgotten” Page of Christian Literature].” Богословские труды 40 (2005): 128–47 (esp. p. 136–37).
———. “Апостольские списки [Apostle Lists].” Pages 121–24 in vol. 3 of Православная энциклопедия [Orthodox Encyclopaedia]. Edited by the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. Moscow, 2000–.