Gospel of Thomas

Euangelium Thomae

Standard abbreviation: Gos. Thom. (also Ev. Thom., Ev.Th., Thom.Ev.)

Other titles: none

Clavis numbers: ECCA 682; CANT 19

Category: Ministry Gospels

Related literature: Acts of Thomas, Book of Thomas the Contender

Compiled by Christopher W. Skinner, Loyola University Chicago ([email protected])

Citing this resource (using Chicago Manual of Style): Skinner, Christopher W. “Gospel of Thomas.” e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha. Accessed DAY MONTH YEAR. https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/gospel-of-thomas/.

Created October 2019.

1. SUMMARY

The Gospel of Thomas has proven to be one of the most important Christian apocryphal texts, especially because it emerged relatively early and shares a tremendous amount of material with the Synoptic Gospels of the New Testament. Thomas is not a gospel in the traditional sense but consists of 114 independent sayings, most of which are attributed to Jesus and nearly half of which were unknown prior to its discovery. The gospel appears to have no overarching structure, and many of its sayings are intentionally mysterious or perplexing. Unlike other early Jesus traditions, Thomas is not concerned with the death or resurrection of Jesus. Instead, Thomas’s opening lines read: “These are the secret sayings the Living Jesus spoke, which Didymus Judas Thomas wrote down. And he said, ‘Whoever finds the interpretation of these words will not taste death.’” Thus, according to Thomas, one finds life through the proper interpretation of Jesus’ enigmatic words, which proves to be an incredibly difficult task as each saying lacks broader context and is left without commentary or explanation.

Previously known to us only from its denunciation by numerous patristic writers, Thomas was discovered first in Greek fragments from Oxyrhynchus in 1897 and again in 1903. Under the auspices of the Egypt Exploration Fund, two Oxford archaeologists, Bernard Pyne Grenfell and Arthur Surridge Hunt discovered a cache of manuscripts among the ancient trash heaps of Oxyrhynchus. Three of them (P. Oxy. 1, P. Oxy. 654, and P. Oxy. 655), contain a number of familiar sayings of Jesus alongside other sayings that were unknown to modern scholars. It was not until a subsequent discovery—nearly half a century later—in another region of the Egyptian desert that scholars would realize the Gospel of Thomas was the source of these sayings.

In December of 1945 near a town called Nag Hammadi, two brothers happened upon a jar containing 12 leather-bound books with 52 ancient Christian texts written in Coptic. The details of this discovery—at least as it has been traditionally told—are sketchy and have recently come under serious scrutiny (for more on this, see the various publications in the section below related to Thomas’s discovery). Among this cache of documents were heretofore unknown texts such as the Apocalypse of Peter, the Hypostasis of the Archons and other ancient gospels including the Gospel of Philip, the Gospel of Truth, and the Gospel of the Egyptians. The Gospel of Thomas drew instant attention from scholars of Christian origins because it contained many sayings that were strikingly similar to those in the Synoptic Gospels alongside previously unknown sayings of Jesus. This discovery provided scholars with access to the complete version of an early Christian text that had been denounced as heretical since the fourth century. Nine years after the discovery of the Nag Hammadi library, the French scholar Henri-Charles Puech made the connection between the Greek fragments from Oxyrhynchus and the Coptic text from Nag Hammadi. This revelation made scholars aware of the existence of the Thomas-sayings tradition in two languages: Greek and Coptic.

The available manuscripts for scholarly analysis are exceptionally sparse given the relative importance of the Gospel of Thomas to discussions within the study of early Christianity. There are three Greek fragments: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1 (P. Oxy. 1), which contains portions of Thomas sayings 26 through 33, Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 654 (P. Oxy. 654), which contains portions of Thomas’s opening lines through logion 7, and Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 655 (P. Oxy. 655), which contains sayings 24, and 36 through 39. All three papyrus fragments were written in a different hand, suggesting evidence of at least three different copies of the Gospel of Thomas at Oxyrhynchus. There is also one complete copy of the Gospel of Thomas surviving in Coptic and containing 114 sayings. It is the second of seven treatises found in what has been labelled Nag Hammadi Codex II.

A substantial amount of material has been published on Thomas in a relatively short period of time and much of that research has resisted consensus on important questions. There is no widespread agreement about when Thomas was composed or its relationship to the New Testament, particularly the Synoptic Gospels. There is also much debate about Thomas’s theological outlook and its relationship to other early Christian texts. Despite, or perhaps as a result of this ongoing scholarly disagreement, the Gospel of Thomas continues to be a source of great interest for scholars of Christian origins.

Named historical figures and characters: Adam (patriarch), Holy Spirit, James (the Righteous), Jesus Christ, John (the Baptist), Mary (unspecified), Matthew (apostle), Peter (apostle), Salome (disciple), Thomas (apostle).

Geographical locations: Israel, Judea.

2. RESOURCES

2.1 Use in Popular Culture

Wainright, Rupert, dir. Stigmata (1999). Starring Patricia Arquette and Gabriel Byrne, the film is partially about a plot by the Catholic church to keep the Gospel of Thomas out of the Biblical canon.

Wallace, Irving. The Word. New York: Simon and Shuster, 1972. Repr. Pocket Books, 1973. In this thriller, the lost gospel Q is discovered, though here it is identified as the ‘Gospel of James.’ Though this ‘Gospel of James’ is fictional, the excerpts from the gospel provided by Wallace derive from real apocryphal texts—two sayings are taken from Gos. Thom. (log. 48 and 22) and another from Ap. Jas. (7, 22–36).

2.2 Documentaries and Other Video Resources

Cox, Anna, dir. The Lost Gospels. BBC 4, 2008. Segment: 7:04–22:13.

Ehrman, Bart. “The Historical Jesus. Lecture 7: The Coptic Gospel of Thomas.” Church History Channel. Posted 24 September 2018.

The Gnostics. Border Television, 1987. Extract from episode 1 on the discovery of the Nag Hammadi with emphasis on the Gospel of Thomas.

Henry, Andrew Mark. Gospel of Thomas: Why Is It Not in the Bible?” Religion for Breakfast podcast (posted 2 August 2016).

Remme, Tilman, dir. Bible Hunters. BBC 2, 2014. Segment: 30:15–40:55. The second episode of this two-part series, “The Search for Lost Gospels,” journeys through Egypt, stopping at sites related to the discovery of apocryphal texts, such as Oxyrhynchus (the Gospel of Thomas) and Nag Hammadi.

2.3 Web Sites and Other Online Resources

“Gospel of Thomas.” Administrator: April D. DeConick. A summary of the author’s views on the text and a brief FAQ.

“Gospel of Thomas.” Early Christian Writings. Administrator: Peter Kirby. Features links to a number of English translations and other resources.

“L’évangile selon Thomas (NH II, 2).” Bibliothèque copte de Nag Hammadi. Administrator: Eric Crégheur (features a French translation by Jean-Marie Sevrin).

“The Gospel of Thomas.” Frontline: From Jesus to Christ. Commentary on the text from Elaine Pagels and Helmust Koester.

“The Gospel of Thomas Collection.” Gnostic Society Library. A resource page with links to translations, editions, and various other online resources. Includes a link to the Scholars Translation of the text by Stephen Patterson and Marvin Meyer.

“Gospel of Thomas Commentary.” Early Christian Writings. Administrator: Peter Kirby. This page gathers together quotations from various scholars in order to elucidate the meaning of the sayings.

The Gospel of Thomas Homepage. Administrator: Stevan Davies. A resource page with links to translations, editions, and various other online resources.

“Gospel of Thomas Interviews.” Crux Sola. Administrator: Christopher W. Skinner. Interviews with leading researchers on the text.

Gospel of Thomas Resource Center. Administrator: Michael Grondin. A resource page with links to translations, editions, and various other online resources.

“Metalogos: Coptic Gospels of Thomas, Philip, Truth.” Ecumentical Coptic Project. Administrator: Thomas Paterson Brown. Features English, Spanish, and Greek translations and a hypertext interlinear.

“Gospel of Thomas.” Morphic Media. A variety of people, chosen by the viewer, read from selected translations of the text.

Gospel of Thomas: Bibliography, Coptic & Greek Texts. Administrator: Sytze van der Laan. Includes a detailed bibliography, current up to 1998.

3. BIBLIOGRAPHY

3.1 Manuscripts and Editions

3.1.1 Coptic (PAThs entry)

Cairo, Coptic Museum, Inv. 10544 (Nag Hammadi Codex II), pp. 32–51 (4th cent.)

Aland, Kurt, ed. Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum. 15th ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1996 (Coptic and Greek editions in the appendix).

The Department of Antiquities of the Arab Republic of Egypt. The Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices: Codex II. Leiden: Brill, 1974.

Ehrman, Bart D. and Zlatko Pleše. The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011 (Greek and Coptic texts with English translations, 303–49.)

Guillaumont, Antoine. The Gospel according to Thomas: Coptic Text Established and Translated. Leiden: Brill, 1959.

Labib, Pahor. Coptic Gnostic Papyri in the Coptic Museum at Old Cairo. Vol. 1. Cairo: Government Press, 1956 (photographic edition, plates 80,10–99,28).

Layton, Bentley. Nag Hammadi Codex II, 2-7, together with XIII, 2* Brit. Lib. Or. 4926(1) and P. Oxy. 1, 654, 655. Nag Hammadi Studies 20. Leiden: Brill, 1989.

Robinson, James M. The Facsimile Edition of the Nag Hammadi Codices: Codex II. Leiden: Brill, 1974.

3.1.2 Greek

Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard Houghton Library, MS Gr. SM4367 (P. Oxy. IV 655) (3rd cent.) ~ log. 24, 36–39

London, British Library, Pap. 1531 (P. Oxy. IV 654) (ca. 200–250) ~ portions of opening lines through log. 7

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ms. gr. th. e 7 (P) (P. Oxy. I 1) (2nd cent.) ~ log. 26–30, 77b, 31–33

Funeral Shroud from Oxyrhynchus. Contains log. 5. Reportedly acquired in 1953 by Roger Rémondon from a local antiquarian and dated 5th or 6th century by Henri-Charles Puech, who published an image of the shroud in the frontispiece of the second volume of his collected essays. Its current whereabouts are unknown. Likely it is a forgery (see the entry on Trismegistos and comments by Ivan Miroshnikov, The Gospel of Thomas and Plato: A Study of the Impact of Platonism on the “Fifth Gospel” [Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies 93. Leiden: Brill, 2018], p. 264 n. 3). High-resolution image at Claremont Colleges Digital Library.

Aland, Kurt, ed. Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum. 15th ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1996 (Coptic and Greek editions in the appendix).

Attridge, Harold W. “Appendix: The Greek Fragments.” Pages 95-127 in Nag Hammadi Codex II, 2-7, together with XIII, 2* Brit. Lib. Or. 4926(1) and P. Oxy. 1, 654, 655. Edited by Bentley Layton. Nag Hammadi Studies 20. Leiden: Brill, 1989.

Ehrman, Bart D. and Zlatko Pleše. The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011 (Greek and Coptic texts with English translations, 303–49).

Evelyn-White, Hugh. The Sayings of Jesus From Oxyrhynchus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920 (edition, translation, and commentary).

Grenfell, Bernard P., and Arthur S. Hunt (eds). Logia Iesou: Sayings of Our Lord. London: Henry Frowde, 1897.(the original pamphlet containing photos, transcriptions, and a translation of the sayings in P. Oxy. 1).

___________. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri. Vol. 4. London: Egypt Exploration Fund, 1904. (editiones princepes of P. Oxy. 654, 655, pp. 1–28, plates 1–2).

___________. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri. Vol. 1. London: Egypt Exploration Fund, 1898 (editio princeps of P. Oxy. 1, pp. 1–4).

Puech, Henri-Charles. En quête de la Gnose. 2 vols. Paris: Gallimard, 1978 (the frontispiece features the only image available of the 5th/6th cent. burial shroud).

___________. “Un logion de Jésus sur bandelette funéraire.” Bulletin de la Societé Ernest Renan, N.S. 3 (1955): 126–29 (editio princeps of 5th/6th cent. burial shroud).

Wayment, Thomas. The Text of the New Testament Apocrypha (100–400 CE). London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2013 (transcriptions, pp. 171–77).

3.2 Modern Translations (see also Commentaries)

3.2.1 English

Cameron, Ron. The Other Gospels: Non-Canonical Texts. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1982 (reprinting Lambdin’s translation).

Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Scriptures: Books that Did Not Make It into the New Testament. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 (pp. 19–28).

Ehrman, Bart D. and Zlatko Pleše. The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011 (Greek and Coptic texts with English translations, pp. 303–49.)

___________. The Other Gospels: Accounts of Jesus From Outside The New Testament. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Elliott, J. Keith. The Apocryphal New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1993 (pp. 123–47).

Kloppenborg, John S., Marvin W. Meyer, Stephen J. Patterson, and Michael G. Steinhauser. Q-Thomas Reader. Sonoma, CA: Polebridge, 1990.

Layton, Bentley. The Gnostic Scriptures: A New Translation with Annotations. New York: Doubleday, 1987 (pp. 376–99).

Meyer, Marvin W. “The Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 133–56 in The Nag Hammadi Scriptures. Edited by Marvin W. Meyer. New York: HarperOne, 2007.

_________. The Gospel of Thomas: The Hidden Sayings of Jesus. 2d ed. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 2004.

Meyer, Marvin, and Stephen J. Patterson. “The Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 301–29 in The Complete Gospels. 4th edition. Edited by Robert J. Miller. Salem, OR: Polebridge Press, 2010.

Patterson, Stephen J., James M. Robinson, and Hans-Gebhard Bethge. The Fifth Gospel: The Gospel of Thomas Comes of Age. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 1998.

Lambdin, Thomas O. “The Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 124–38 in The Nag Hammadi Library in English. Edited by James M. Robinson. 3rd Rev. ed. San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1990.

Puech, Henri-Charles. “The Gospel according to Thomas.” Pages 278–307, 511–12 in New Testament Apocrypha, Vol. 1, Gospels and Related Writings. Edited by Edgar Hennecke and Wilhelm Schneemelcher. Translated by R. McL. Wilson. 3rd ed. London: Luttersworth Press, 1963. Translated from pages 190–223 in Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung, Bd. 1. Evangelien und Verwandtes. Edited by Edgar Hennecke and Wilhelm Schneemelcher. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1959.

Blatz, Beate. “The Gospel according to Thomas.” Pages 110–34 in New Testament Apocrypha, Vol. 1, Gospels and Related Writings. Edited by Wilhelm Schneemelcher. Translated by R. McL. Wilson. Rev. ed. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 1991. Translated from pages 93–113 in Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung, Bd. 1. Evangelien und Verwandtes. Edited by Wilhelm Schneemelcher. 6th ed. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1990.

3.2.2 Finnish

Huuhtanen, Pauli, Antii Marjanen, and Risto Uro. Jeesuksen salaiset sanat: Tuomaan evankeliumi. Helsinki: Yliopistopaino, 1994.

3.2.3 French

Doresse, Jean. L’Évangile selon Thomas. Paris: Paris: Plon & Rocher, 1959.

Gionotto, Claudio. “L’Évangile selon Thomas.” Pages 25–53 in vol. 1 of Écrits apocryphes chrétiens. Edited by François Bovon and Pierre Geoltrain. Paris: Gallimard, 1997.

Kasser, Rudolphe. L’Évangile selon Thomas. Neuchâtel: Delachaux & Niestlé, 1961.

Menard, Jacques E. L’Évangile selon Thomas. NHS 5. Leiden: Brill, 1975.

3.2.4 German

Blatz, Beate. “Das Evangelium nach Thomas.” Pages 93–113 in Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung, Bd. 1. Evangelien und Verwandtes. Edited by Wilhelm Schneemelcher. 6th ed. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1990.

Leipoldt, Johannes. Das Evangelium nach Thomas. Koptische und Deutsch. TU 1901. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1967.

Puech, Henri-Charles. “Das Evangelium nach Thomas.” Pages 190–223 in Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung, Bd. 1. Evangelien und Verwandtes. Edited by Edgar Hennecke and Wilhelm Schneemelcher. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1959.

Schröter, Jens. “Das Evangelium nach Thomas.” Pages 483–526 in vol. 1 of Antike christliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung. 2 vols. AcA I/1-2. Edited by Christoph Markschies and Jens Schröter. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2012.

3.2.5 Italian

Annese, Andrea. Il Vangelo di Tommaso: Introduzione storico-critica. Rome: Carocci, 2019 (pp. 143–64).

Bonaccorsi, P. G. Vangeli apocrifi. Florence: Libreria Editrice Fiorentina, 1948 (pp. 30f.).

Erbetta, Mario. Gli apocrifi del Nuovo Testamento. 3 vols. Italy: Marietti, 1975–1981 (pp. 253–82).

Moraldi, Luigi. Apocrifi del Nuovo Testamento. 2 vols. Classici delle religioni, Sezione quarta, La religione cattolica 24. Turin: Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese, 1971 (vol. 1:483–501).

3.2.6 Norwegian

Thomassen, Einar, and Halvor Moxnes, eds., Apokryfe evangelier. Verdens Hellige Skrifter. Oslo: De norske bokklubbene, 2001 (pp. 25–57).

3.2.7 Polish

Myszor, Wincenty. Biblioteka z Nag Hammadi Kodeksy I i II. Studia Antiquitatis Christianae, Seria Nova, 7. Katowice: Ksiegarnia Sw. Jacka, 2017 (pp. 201–28).

3.2.8 Spanish

De Santos Otero, Aurelio. Los Evangelios Apócrifos. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Christianos, 1988⁶ (pp. 678–705).

3.3 Commentaries

DeConick, April D. The Original Gospel of Thomas in Translation: With a Commentary and New English Translation of the Complete Gospel. Library of New Testament Studies 287. London: T&T Clark, 2007.

Doresse, Jean. L’Évangile selon Thomas. Paris: Plon & Rocher, 1959.

Fieger, Michael. Das Thomasevangelium: Einleitung, Kommentar und Systematik. Münster Aschendorff, 1991.

Gaertner, Bertil. The Theology of the Gospel according to Thomas. Translated by Eric J. Sharpe. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1961.

Gagné, André. The Gospel According to Thomas: Introduction, Translation and Commentary. Apocryphes 16. Turnhout: Brepols, 2019.

Gathercole, Simon J. The Gospel of Thomas: Introduction and Commentary. TENTS 11. Leiden: Brill, 2014.

Grant, Robert M. and David Noel Freedman. The Secret Sayings of Jesus. New York: Doubleday, 1960.

Hedrick, Charles W. Unlocking the Secrets of the Gospel according to Thomas: A Radical Faith for a New Age. Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2010.

Kasser, Rodolphe. L’Évangile selon Thomas: Présentation et Commentaire Théologique. Bibliothèque Théologique. Neuchâtel: Delachaux et Niestlé, 1960.

Leipoldt, Johannes. Das Evangelium nach Thomas. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1967.

Nordsieck, Reinhard. Das Thomas-Evangelium. Neukirchen–Vluyn: Neukirchener, 2004.

Plisch, Uwe-Karsten. The Gospel of Thomas: Original Text with Commentary. Translated by Gesine Schenke Robinson. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2009.

Pokorný, Peter. A Commentary on the Gospel of Thomas: From Interpretations to the Interpreted. Jewish and Christian Texts 5. London: T&T Clark, 2009.

Valantasis, Richard. The Gospel of Thomas. London: Routledge, 1997.

Wilson, R. McL. Studies in the Gospel of Thomas. London: Mowbray, 1960.

3.4 Bibliographies, Surveys, & Overviews of Scholarly Reception

Dehandschutter, Boudewijn, “Recent Research on the Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 2257–62 in vol. 3 of Four Gospels 1992. Edited by F. van Segbroeck. BETL 100. Louvain: Peeters, 1992.

Fallon, Francis T. and Ron Cameron. “The Gospel of Thomas: a Forschungsbericht and Analysis.” Pages 4195–51 in Vorkonstantinisches Christentum: Leben und Umwelt Jesu; Neues Testament. Kanonische Schriften und Apokryphen. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1988.

Gianotto, Claudio. “Étude Critique la Formation de l’Évangile selon Thomas: À Propos d’une Étude Récente.” Apocrypha 18 (2007): 297–307.

Patterson, Stephen J. “The Gospel of Thomas and the Synoptic Tradition: A Forschungsbericht and Critique.” Forum 8 (1992): 45–97.

Perrin, Nicholas. “Recent Trends in Gospel of Thomas Research (1991-2006): Part I, The Historical Jesus and the Synoptic Gospels.” CurBR 5 (2007): 183–206.

Perrin, Nicholas, and Christopher W. Skinner, “Recent Trends in Gospel of Thomas Research (1989–2011). Part II: Genre, Theology and Relationship to the Gospel of John.” CurBR 11 (2012): 65–86.

Poirier, Paul-Hubert. “Quelques perspectives reécentes sur L’Évangile selon Thomas.” LTp 66 (2010): 599–615.

Prigent, Pierre. “L’Évangile selon Thomas: état de la question.” RHPR 39 (1959): 39–45.

Riley, Gregory J. “The Gospel of Thomas in Recent Scholarship.” Currents in Research: Biblical Studies 2 (1994): 227–52.

Scholer, David M. Nag Hammadi Bibliography: 1948–1969. NHS 1. Leiden: Brill, 1971.

___________. Nag Hammadi Bibliography: 1970–1994. Nag Hammadi and Manichean Studies 1. Leiden: Brill, 1997.

___________. Nag Hammadi Bibliography: 1995–2006. Nag Hammadi and Manichean Studies 65. Leiden: Brill, 2009.

Sellew, Melissa (née Philip) Harl. “The Gospel of Thomas: Prospects for Future Research.” Pages 327–46 in The Nag Hammadi Library After Fifty Years: Proceedings of the 1995 Society of Biblical Literature Commemoration. Edited by John D. Turner and Anne McGuire. Nag Hammadi and Manichean Studies 44. Leiden: Brill, 1997.

Skinner, Christopher W. What Are They Saying About the Gospel of Thomas? Mahwah, NJ: Paulist, 2012.

3.5 General Studies

Annese, Andrea. Il Vangelo di Tommaso: Introduzione storico-critica. Rome: Carocci, 2019.

Arnal, William E. “How the Gospel of Thomas Works.” Pages 261–80 in Scribal Practices and Social Structures among Jesus Adherents: Essays in Honour of John S. Kloppenborg. Edited by William E. Arnal, Richard S. Ascough, Robert A. Derrenbacker, and Philip A. Harland. Leuven: Peeters, 2016.

Baarda, Tjitze. “The Gospel of Thomas.” Proceedings of the Irish Biblical Association 26 (2003): 46–65.

DeConick, April. D. “The Gospel of Thomas.” ExpT 118 (2007): 469–79.

___________. “The Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 13–29 in The Non-Canonical Gospels. Edited by Paul Foster. T&T Clark Biblical Studies. London: T&T Clark, 2008.

___________. “What’s Up with the Gospel of Thomas?” BAR 36 (2010): 28, 85.

___________. Recovering the Original Gospel of Thomas: A History of the Gospel and Its Growth. LNTS 286. London: T&T Clark, 2005.

Frey, Jörg, Enno Edzard Popkes, and Jens Schröter. Das Thomasevangelium: Entstehung, Rezeption, Theologie. BZBW 157. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2008.

Gathercole, Simon J. “The Gospel of Thomas: Jesus Said What?” BAR 41 (2015): 50–56, 69.

Koester, Helmut and Stephen J. Patterson. Pages 75–124 in Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development. Philadelphia: Trinity Press International, 1991.

Meyer, Marvin W. Secret Gospels: Essays on Thomas and the Secret Gospel of Mark. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 2003.

Miroshnikov, Ivan. “Евангелие от Фомы. Evangelium secundum Thomam. Предисловие, перевод с коптского и древнегреческого, комментарии” [The Gospel of Thomas: A Translation from Coptic and Greek with Introduction and Notes]. Pages 423–48 in vol. 2 of Scripta antiqua. Ancient History, Philology, Arts and Material Culture. Moscow: Sobranie, 2012.

Patterson, Stephen J. The Gospel of Thomas and Christian Origins: Essays on the Fifth Gospel. Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies 84. Leiden: Brill, 2013.

___________. The Gospel of Thomas and Jesus. Sonoma, CA: Polebridge, 1993.

Patterson, Stephen J., James M. Robinson, and Hans-Gebhard Bethge, The Fifth Gospel: The Gospel of Thomas Comes of Age. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 1998.

Perrin, Nicholas. “Thomas: The Fifth Gospel?” JETS 49 (2006): 67–80.

___________. Thomas: The Other Gospel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2007.

Summers, Ray. The Secret Sayings of the Living Jesus: Studies in the Coptic Gospel According to Thomas. Waco, TX: Word, 1968.

Turner, John D. and Anne McGuire. The Nag Hammadi Library after Fifty Years: Proceedings of the 1995 Society of Biblical Literature Commemoration. Nag Hammadi and Manichean Studies 44. Leiden: Brill, 1997.

Uro, Risto (ed). Thomas at the Crossroads: Essays on the Gospel of Thomas. SNTW. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998.

Wilson, R. McL. “The Gospel of Thomas Reconsidered.” Pages 331–36 in Divitiae Aegypti Koptologische und verwandte Studien zu Ehren von Martin Krause. Edited by Cäcilia Fluck, Lucia Langener, Siegfried Richter, Sofia Schaten, and Gregor Wurst. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1995.

Zöckler, Thomas. Jesu Lehren im Thomasevangelium. Nag Hammadi and Manichean Studies 47. Leiden: Brill, 1999.

3.6 Discoveries at Oxyrhynchus and Nag Hammadi

Burke, Tony. “What Do We Talk About When We Talk About the Nag Hammadi Library.” Bulletin for the Study of Religion 45 (2016): 33–37.

Burns, Dylan Michael. “Telling Nag Hammadi’s Egyptian Stories.” Bulletin for the Study of Religion 45 (2016): 5–11.

Denzey Lewis, Nicola. “Rethinking the Rethinking of the Nag Hammadi Codices.” Bulletin for the Study of Religion 45 (2016): 39–45.

Denzey Lewis, Nicola and Justine Ariel Blount. “Rethinking the Origins of the Nag Hammadi Codices.” JBL 133 (2014): 397–417.

Goodacre, Mark. “How Reliable is the Story of the Nag Hammadi Discovery?” JSNT 35 (2013): 303–22.

Grenfell, B.P. and A.S Hunt. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri. 8 vols. London: Egypt Exploration Fund, 1898–1907 (see volumes 1 and 4 for the material related to P. Oxy. 1, and P. Oxy. 654, 655, respectively).

Kotrosits, Maia. “Romance and Danger at Nag Hammadi.” Bible and Critical Theory 8 (2012): 39–52.

Mroczek, Eva. “True Stories and the Poetics of Textual Discovery.” Bulletin for the Study of Religion 45 (2016): 21–31.

Nongbri, Brent. “Finding Early Christian Books at Nag Hammadi and Beyond.” Bulletin for the Study of Religion 45 (2016): 11–19.

Patterson, Stephen J. “The Oxyrhynchus Papyri: The Remarkable Discovery You’ve Probably Never Heard Of.” BAR 37 (2011): 60–68.

Poirier, Paul-Hubert. “The 70th Anniversary of the Discovery of the Nag Hammadi Codices: A Few Remarks on Recent Publications.” Bulletin for the Study of Religion 45 (2016): 37–39.

Robinson, James M. The Nag Hammadi Library. Leiden: Brill, 1977.

3.7 Provenance

Brown, Ian. “Where Indeed was the Gospel of Thomas Written? Thomas in Alexandria.” JBL 138 (2019): 451–72.

Dehandschutter, Boudewijn. “Le lieu d’origine de l’Évangile selon Thomas.” OLP 6–7 (1975–1976): 125–31.

Desjardins, Michel. “Where Was the Gospel of Thomas Written?” TJT 8 (1992): 121–33.

Given, J. Gregory. “‘Finding’ the Gospel of Thomas in Edessa.” JECS 25 (2017): 501–30.

Klijn, A.F.J. “Christianity in Edessa and the Gospel of Thomas: On Barbara Ehlers, ‘Kann das Thomasevangelium aus Edessa stammen?’” NovT 14 (1972): 70–77.

___________. “Das Thomasevangelium und das altsyriche Christentum.” VC 15 (1961): 146–59.

Ménard, Jacques E. “Der syrische Synkretismus und das Thomasevangelium.” Pages 65–79 in Synkretismus im syrisch-persischen Kulturgebiet. Bericht über ein Symposion in Reinhausen bei Göttingen in der Zeit vom 4. bis 8. Oktober 1971. Herausgegeben von Albert Dietrich, 1975. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. Philologisch-historische Klasse. Dritte Folge 96. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1975.

Patterson, Stephen J. “The View from Across the Euphrates.” HTR 104 (2011): 411–31.

Piovanelli, Pierluigi. “Thomas in Edessa? Another Look at the Original Setting of Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 443–61 in Myths, Martyrs, and Modernity: Studies in the History of Religions in Honour of Jan N. Bremmer. Edited by Jitse Dijkstra, Justin Kroesen, Yme Kuiper. Numen Book Series 127. Leiden: Brill, 2010.

Quispel, Gilles. “The Syrian Gospel of Thomas and the Syrian Macarius.” VC 18 (1964): 226–35.

3.8 Thomas and Early Christianity Literature

3.8.1 Thomas and the Synoptic Tradition (including Q)

Baarda, Tjitze. “Clement of Alexandria and the Parable of the Fisherman: Mt 13,47–48 or Independent tradition?” Pages 582–98 in The Synoptic Gospels: Source Criticism and the New Literary Criticism. Edited by Camille Focant and Frans Neirynck. Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium 110. Louvain: Peeters, 1993.

Batovici, Dan. “The Oxford Conference on the Synoptic Problem.” CurBR 7 (2009): 245–71.

Bauer, Johannes B. “Das ‘Regelwort’ Mk 6,4 par und EvThom 31.” BZ 41 (1997): 95–98.

Carrez, Maurice. “Quelques Aspects Christologiques de l’Évangile de Thomas.” Pages 2263–76 in The Four Gospels 1992: Festschrift Frans Neirynck. Edited by Christopher M. Tuckett and Frans van Segbroeck. BETL 100. Louvain: Peeters, 1992.

Cerfaux, Lucien and Gérard Garitte. “Les paraboles du Royaume dans L’Évangile de Thomas.” Le Mus70 (1957): 307–27.

Davies, Stevan L. “Mark’s Use of the Gospel of Thomas.” Neot 30 (1996): 307–34.

___________. “Thomas: The Fourth Synoptic Gospel.” BA 46 (1983): 6–9,12–14.

Davies, Stevan and Kevin Johnson. “Mark’s Use of the Gospel of Thomas: Part Two.” Neot 31 (1997): 233–61.

Dehandschutter, Boudewijn. “La Parabole de la Perle (Mt 13:45–46) et L’Évangile selon Thomas.” ETL 55 (1979): 243–65.

Denzey Lewis, Nicola. “A New Gnosticism: Why Simon Gathercole and Mark Goodacre on the Gospel of Thomas Change the Field.” JSNT 36 (2014): 240–50.

Doran, R. “The Divinization of Disorder: The Trajectory of Matt 8:20/Luke 9:58/Gos Thom 86.” Pages 210–19 in Future of Early Christianity: Essays in Honor of Helmut Koester. Edited by Birger Pearson. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991.

Dunn, James D. G. “The Gospel and the Gospels.” EvQ 85 (2013): 291–308.

Fleddermann, Harry T. “The Mustard Seed and the Leaven in Q, the Synoptics, and Thomas.” SBLSP 28 (1989): 216–36.

Frey, Jörg. “Die Lilien und das Gewand: EvThom 36 und 37 als Paradigma für das Verhältnis des Thomasevengeliums zur synoptischen Überlieferung.” Pages 122–80 in Das Thomasevangelium: Entstehung, Rezeption, Theologie. Edited by Jörg Frey, Enno Edzard Popkes, and Jens Schröter. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2008.

Gathercole, Simon J. “Luke in the Gospel of Thomas.” NTS 57 (2011): 114–44.

___________. The Composition of the Gospel of Thomas: Original Language and Influences. SNTSMS 151. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

___________. “Thomas Revisited: A Rejoinder to Denzey Lewis, Kloppenborg and Patterson.” JSNT 36 (2014): 262–81.

Goodacre, Mark. “Did Thomas Know the Synoptics? A Response to Denzey Lewis, Kloppenborg and Patterson.” JSNT 36 (2014): 282–93.

___________. Thomas and the Gospels: The Case for Thomas’s Familiarity with the Synoptics. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2012.

Hedrick, Charles W. “An Anecdotal Argument for the Independence of the Gospel of Thomas from the Synoptic Gospels.” Pages 113–26 in For the Children, Perfect Instruction: Studies in Honor of Hans–Martin Schenke on the Occasion of the Berliner Arbeitskreis für koptisch–gnostische Schriften’s Thirtieth Year. Edited by Hans-Gebhard Bethge, Stephen Emmel, and Karen L. King. Leiden: Brill, 2002.

___________. “Parables and the Kingdom: The Vision of Jesus in Fiction and Faith.” SBLSP 26 (1987): 368–93.

___________. “The Treasure Parable in Matthew and Thomas.” Forum 2 (1986): 41–56.

___________. “Thomas and the Synoptics: Aiming at a Consensus.” SecCent 7 (1989–1990): 39–56.

Horman, John Franklin. “The Source of the Version of the Parable of the Sower in the Gospel of Thomas.” NovT 21 (1979): 326–43.

Kloppenborg, John S. “A New Synoptic Problem: Mark Goodacre and Simon Gathercole on Thomas.” JSNT 36 (2014): 199–239.

___________. “Blessing and Marginality: The ‘Persecution Beatitude’ in Q, Thomas, and Early Christianity.” Forum 2 (1986): 36–56.

___________. “Ideological Texture in the Parable of the Tenants.” Pages 64–88 in Fabrics of Discourse: Essays in Honor of Vernon K Robbins. Edited by David B. Gowler, L. Gregory Bloomquist, and Duane F. Watson. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 2003.

___________. The Tenants in the Vineyard (GThom 65/Mark 12:1–12): A Realistic and Social–Scientific Reading. WUNT 195. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006.

Kloppenborg, John S. and Callie Callon. “The Parable of the Shepherd and the Transformation of Pastoral Discourse.” Early Christianity 1 (2010): 218–60.

Koester, Helmut. “The Synoptic Sayings Source and the Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 35–50 in The Shape of Q: Signal Essays on the Sayings Source. Edited by John S. Kloppenborg. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1994.

Kosnetter, Johannes. “Das Thomasevangelium und die Synoptiker.” Pages 29–49 in Wissenschaft im Dienste des Glaubens: Festschrift für Hermann Peichl. Edited by Josef Kisser, Ferdinand Krones, and Ulrich A. Schöndorfer. Wien: Katholische Akademie, 1965.

Lanier, Gregory. “Mapping the Vineyard: Main Lines of Investigation Regarding the Parable of the Tenants in the Synoptics and Thomas.” CurBR 15 (2016): 74–122.

Liebenberg, Jacobus. The Language of the Kingdom and Jesus: Parable, Aphorism, and Metaphor in the Sayings Material Common to the Synoptic Tradition and the Gospel of Thomas. BZNW 102. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2001.

Lindemann, Andreas. “Zur Gleichnisinterpretation im Thomas–Evangelium.” ZNW 71 (1980): 214–43.

Martin, Patrick J. “Two Sayings Gospels: ‘The Gospel of Thomas’ and the ‘Sayings Gospel Q.’” TBT 47 (2009): 166–71.

McArthur, Harvey K. “Dependence of the Gospel of Thomas on the Synoptics.” ExpT 71 (1960): 286–87.

McCaughey, J Davis. “Two Synoptic Parables in the Gospel of Thomas.” ABR 8 (1960): 24–28.

McLean, Bradley H. “On the Gospel of Thomas and Q.” Pages 321–45 in Gospel Behind the Gospels. Edited by Ronald A. Piper. NovTSup 75. Leiden: Brill, 1995.

Meier, John Paul. A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus. Vol 5: Probing the Authenticity of the Parables. AYBRL. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.

___________. “Is Luke’s Version of the Parable of the Rich Fool Reflected in the Coptic Gospel of Thomas?” CBQ 74 (2012): 528–47.

___________. “The Parable of the Wheat and the Weeds (Matthew 13:24–30): Is Thomas’s version (Logion 57) Independent?” JBL 131 (2012): 715–32.

___________. “The Parable of the Wicked Tenants in the Vineyard: Is the Gospel of Thomas Independent of the Synoptics?” Pages 129–46 in Unity and Diversity in the Gospels and Paul: Essays in Honor of Frank J. Matera. Edited by Christopher W. Skinner and Kelly R. Iverson. EJL 7. Atlanta and Leiden: Society of Biblical Literature and Brill, 2012.

Ménard, Jacques E. “La Tradition Synoptique et l’Évangile selon Thomas.” Pages 411–26 in Überlieferungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1981.

Montefiore, Hugh. “Comparison of the Parables of the Gospel according to Thomas and of the Synoptic Gospels.” NTS 7 (1961): 220–48.

Nagel, Peter. “Synoptische Evangelientradition im Thomasevangelium und im Manichäismus.” Pages 272–93 in Das Thomasevangelium: Entstehung, Rezeption, Theologie. Edited by Jörg Frey, Enno Edzard Popkes, and Jens Schröter. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2008.

Pagels, Elaine. “Matthew, Mark, Luke, and . . . Thomas?” U.S. Catholic 68 (2003): 18–22.

Patterson, Stephen J. “The Gospel of (Judas) Thomas and the Synoptic Problem.” Pages 783–808 in New Studies in the Synoptic Problem, Oxford Conference, April 2008: Essays in Honour of Christopher M. Tuckett. Edited by Paul Foster, Andrew Gregory, John Kloppenborg, and Jozef Verheyden. BETL 239. Leuven: Peeters, 2011.

___________. “The Gospel of Thomas and the Synoptic Tradition: A Forschungsbericht and Critique.” Forum 8 (1992): 45–97.

___________. “Twice More—Thomas and the Synoptics: A Reply to Simon Gathercole, The Composition of the Gospel of Thomas, and Mark Goodacre, Thomas and the Gospel.” JSNT 36 (2014): 251–61.

___________. “Wisdom in Q and Thomas.” Pages 187–221 in In Search of Wisdom: Essays in Memory of John G. Gammie. Edited by Leo G. Perdue, Bernard Brandon Scott, and William Johnston Wiseman. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1993.

Perkins, Pheme. “Pronouncement Stories in the Gospel of Thomas.” Semeia 20 (1981): 121–32.

Petersen, Silke. “Adolf Jülicher und die Parabeln des Thomasevangeliums.” Pages 179–207 in Die Gleichnisreden Jesu 1899–1999: Beiträge zum Dialog mit Adolf Jülicher. BZNW 103. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1999.

Petersen, William Lawrence. “The Parable of the Lost Sheep in the Gospel of Thomas and the Synoptics.” NovT 23 (1981): 128–47.

Popkes, Enno Edzard. “‘Das Mysterion der Botschaft Jesu’: Beobachtungen zur synoptischen Parabeltheorie und ihren Analogien im Johannesevangelium und Thomasevangelium.” Pages 294–320 in Hermeneutik der Gleichnisse Jesu: methodische Neuansätze zum Verstehen urchristlicher Parabeltexte. Edited by Ruben Zimmermann and Gabi Kern. WUNT 231. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2008.

Riley, Gregory J. “Influence of Thomas Christianity on Luke 12:14 and 5:39.” HTR 88 (1995): 229–35.

Robinson, James M. “Textual Criticism, Q, and the Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 9–22 in Text and Community: Essays in Memory of Bruce M Metzger. Edited by J. Harold Ellens. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix, 2007.

Robinson, James M. and Christoph Heil. “The Lilies of the Field: Saying 36 of the Gospel of Thomas and Secondary Accretions in Q 12.22b–31.” NTS 41 (2001): 1–25.

Schrage, Wolfgang. Das Verhältnis des Thomasevangeliums zur synoptischen Tradition und zu den koptischen Evangelienübersetzungen, Zugleich ein Beitrag zur gnostischen Synoptikerdeutung. BZNW 29. Berlin: Töpelmann, 1964.

Schröter, Jens. Erinnerung an Jesu Worte. Studien zur Rezeption der Logienüberlieferung in Markus, Q und Thomas. WUNT 76. Neukirchen–Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1997.

___________. “The Language of the Kingdom and Jesus: Parable, Aphorism, and Metaphor in the Sayings Material Common to the Synoptic Tradition and the Gospel of Thomas.” TLZ 128 (2003): 161–64.

Schürmann, Heinz. “Das Thomasevangelium und das lukanische Sondergut.” BZ 7 (1963): 236–60.

Snodgrass, Klyne. “Parable of the Wicked Husbandmen: Is the Gospel of Thomas Version the Original?” NTS 21 (1974): 142–44.

___________.“The Gospel of Thomas: A Secondary Gospel.” SecCen 7 (1989): 19–30.

Strickert, Frederick M. “Jesus’ True Family: The Synoptic Tradition and Thomas.” Pages 246–57 in For a Later Generation: The Transformation of Tradition in Israel, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity. Edited by Randal A. Argall, Beverly Bow, Rodney Alan Werline, and George W. E. Nickelsburg. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 2000.

Strobel, A. “Textgeschichtles zum Thomas–Logion 86 (Mt 8,20/Luk 9,58).” VC 17 (1963): 211–24.

Thatcher, Tom. “Early Christianities and the Synoptic Eclipse: Problems in Situating the Gospel of Thomas.” BibInt 7 (1999): 323–39.

Tuckett, Christopher M. “Das Thomasevangelium und die synoptischen Evangelien.” BTZ 12 (1995): 186–200.

___________. “Q and Thomas: Evidence of a Primitive ‘Wisdom Gospel’? A Response to H. Koester.” ETL 67 (1991): 346–60.

___________. “Synoptic Tradition in Some Nag Hammadi and Related Texts.” VC 36 (1982): 173–90.

___________. “The Gospel of Thomas: Gathercole and Goodacre.” SJT 6 (2013): 221–29.

___________. “Thomas and the Synoptics.” NovT 30 (1988): 132–57.

Turner, H. E. W. and Hugh Montefiore. Thomas and the Evangelists. Naperville, IL: Allenson, 1962.

Uro, Risto. “‘Washing the Outside of the Cup’: Gos. Thom. 89 and Synoptic Parallels.” Pages 303–22 in From Quest to Q: Festschrift James M. Robinson. Edited by Jon Ma Asgeirsson, Kristin De Troyer, and Marvin W. Meyer. Leuven: Leuven University Press/ Uitgeverij: Peeters, 2000.

Wood, John Halsey. “The New Testament Gospels and the Gospel of Thomas: A New Direction.” NTS 51 (2005): 579–95.

3.8.2 Thomas and the Gospel of John

Attridge, Harold. “‘Seeking’ and ‘Asking’ in Q, Thomas, and John.” Pages 295–302 in From Quest to Q: Festschrift James M. Robinson. Edited by Jon Ma Asgeirsson, Kristin De Troyer, and Marvin W. Meyer. Leuven: Leuven University Press/ Uitgeverij: Peeters, 2000.

Brown, Raymond E. “Gospel of Thomas and St John’s Gospel.” NTS 9 (1963): 155–77.

Charlesworth, James H. The Beloved Disciple: Whose Witness Validates the Gospel of John? Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International, 1995.

DeConick, April D. “‘Blessed Are Those Who Have Not Seen’ (Jn 20:29): Johannine Dramatization of an Early Christian Discourse.” Pages 381–98 in The Nag Hammadi Library After Fifty Years: Proceedings of the 1995 Society of Biblical Literature Commemoration. Edited by John D. Turner and Anne McGuire. Nag Hammadi and Manichean Studies 44. Leiden: Brill, 1997.

___________. “John Rivals Thomas: From Community Conflict to Gospel Narrative.” Pages 303–12 in Jesus in the Johannine Tradition. Edited by Robert T. Fortna and Tom Thatcher. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2001.

___________. Voices of the Mystics: Early Christian Discourse in the Gospels of John and Thomas and Other Ancient Christian Literature. LNTS 157. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001.

Droge, Arthur. “Sabbath Work/Sabbath Rest: Genesis, Thomas, John.” HR 47 (2007–2008): 112–41.

Dunderberg, Ismo. “John and Thomas in Conflict?” Pages 361–80 in The Nag Hammadi Library after Fifty Years: Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Literature Commemoration. Nag Hammadi and Manichean Studies 44. Leiden: Brill, 1997.

___________. The Beloved Disciple in Conflict? Revisiting the Gospels of John and Thomas. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

___________. “The Beloved Disciple in John: Ideal Figure in an Early Christian Controversy.” Pages 243–69 in Fair Play: Diversity and Conflicts in Early Christianity. Edited by Ismo Dunderberg, Christopher Tuckett, and Kari Syreeni. Leiden: Brill, 2001.

___________. “‘Thomas’ I–Sayings and the Gospel of John.” Pages 33–88 in Thomas at the Crossroads. Edited by Risto Uro. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998.

Johnson, Luke Timothy. “John and Thomas in Context: An Exercise in Canonical Criticism.” Pages 284–309 in The Word Leaps the Gap: Essays on Scripture and Theology in Honor of Richard B. Hays. Edited by J. Ross Wagner. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2008.

Pagels, Elaine. Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 2003.

___________. “Exegesis of Genesis 1 in the Gospels of Thomas and John.” JBL 118 (1999): 477–96.

Popkes, Enno Edzard. “‘Ich bin das Licht’—Erwägungen zur Verhältnisbestimmung des Thomasevangeliums und der johanneischen Schriften anhand der Lichtmetaphorik.” Pages 641–74 in Kontexte Des Johannesevangeliums: Das Vierte Evangelium in Religions– Und Traditionsgeschichtlicher Perspektive. Edited by Jörg Frey and Udo Schnelle. WUNT 175. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2004.

Riley, Gregory J. Resurrection Reconsidered: Thomas and John in Controversy. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995.

Sell, Jesse. “Johannine Traditions in Logion 61 of the Gospel of Thomas.” PRSt 7 (1980): 24–37.

Skinner, Christopher W. John and Thomas: Gospels in Conflict? Johannine Characterization and the Thomas Question. Princeton Theological Monograph Series 115. Eugene, OR: Pickwick, 2009.

Witetschek, Stefan. Thomas und Johannes – Johannes und Thomas. Das Verhältnis der Logien des Thomasevangeliums zum Johannesevangelium. Herders Biblische Studien 79. Freiburg/Basel/Wien: Herder, 2015.

3.8.3. Thomas and the Pauline Epistles

Annese, Andrea, “Logion 83 and the “Image” in the Gospel of Thomas: Relationships with Some Pauline and Early Christian Texts.” Annali di Storia dell’ Esegesi 34 (2017): 71–88.

___________. “The Sources of the Gospel of Thomas: Methodological Issues and the Case of the Pauline Epistles (With a Focus on Th 17 // 1 Cor 2:9).” Annali di Storia dell’ Esegesi 35 (2018): 323–50.

Gathercole, Simon J. “The Influence of Paul on the Gospel of Thomas (§§ 53.3 and 17).” Pages 72–94 in Das Thomasevangelium: Entstehung, Rezeption, Theologie. Edited by Jörg Frey, Enno Edzard Popkes, and Jens Schröter. BZNW 157. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008.

Jipp, Joshua W. “Death and the Human Predicament, Salvation as Transformation, and Bodily Practices in 1 Corinthians and The Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 242–66 in Paul and the Gospels: Christologies, Conflicts and Convergences. Edited by Michael F. Bird and Joel Willitts. LNTS 411. London: T&T Clark.

Patterson, Stephen J. “Paul and the Jesus Tradition: It is Time for Another Look.” HTR 84 (1991): 23–41.

Skinner, Christopher W. “The Gospel of Thomas’s Rejection of Paul’s Theological Ideas.” Pages 220–41 in Paul and the Gospels: Christologies, Conflicts and Convergences. Edited by Michael F. Bird and Joel Willitts. LNTS 411. London: T&T Clark.

Tuckett, Christopher M. “Paul and the Jesus Tradition: The Evidence of 1 Corinthians 2:9 and Gospel of Thomas 17.” Pages 55–73 in Paul and the Corinthians. Studies on a Community in Conflict. Essays in Honour of Margaret Thrall. Edited by T. J. Burke and J. K. Elliott. NovTSup 109. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2003.

3.8.4 Thomas and the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife

Bernhard, Andrew E. “The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: Textual Evidence of Modern Forgery.” NTS 61 (2015): 335–55.

Depuydt, Leo. “The Alleged Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: Assessment and Evaluation of Authenticity.” HTR 107 (2014): 172–89.

Gathercole, Simon J. “The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: Constructing a Context.” NTS 61 (2015): 292–313.

Vítková, Zuzana. “Nově objevený koptský zlomek tzv. ‘Evangelia Ježíšovy ženy’.” Religio 21 (2013): 95–118.

3.8.5 Thomas and Other Early Christian Texts

Cornélis, E.M.J.M. “Quelques éléments pour une comparaison entre L’Évangile de Thomas et la notice d’Hippolyte sur les Naassènes.” VC 15 (1961): 83–104.

DeConick, April D. “The Dialogue of the Savior and the Mystical Sayings of Jesus.” VC 50 (1996): 178–99.

Gierth, Brigitte. “Un apophtegme commun a la Pistis Sophia et à l’Évangile selon Thomas.” RevScRel 64 (1990): 245–49.

Helderman, Jan. “Die Herrenworte über das Brautgemach im Thomasevangelium und im Dialog des Erlösers.” Pages 69–88 in Sayings of Jesus, Canonical and Non–Canonical: Essays in Honour of Tjitze Baarda. Edited by William L. Petersen, Johan S. Vos, and Henk Jan de Jonge Leiden: Brill, 1997.

Ménard, Jacques E. “Le milieu syriaque de l’Évangile selon Thomas et de l’Évangile selon Philippe.” RevScRel 42 (1968): 261–66.

Perrin, Nicholas. Thomas and Tatian: The Relationship between the Gospel of Thomas and the Diatessaron. AcBib 5. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2002.

Quispel, Gilles. “L’Évangile selon Thomas et les Clementines.” VC 12 (1958): 181–96.

___________. “L’Évangile selon Thomas et le Diatessaron.” VC 13 (1959): 87–117. Reprinted as pp. 31–35 in Gnostic Studies II. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch–Archaelogisch Institut te Istanbul, 1975.

___________. Makarius, das Thomasevangelium und das Lied von der Perle. NovTSup 15. Leiden: Brill, 1967.

___________. Tatian and the Gospel of Thomas: Studies in the History of the Western Diatessaron. Leiden: Brill, 1975.

___________. “The ‘Gospel of Thomas’ and the ‘Gospel of the Hebrews.’” NTS 12 (1966): 371–82.

3.9 Thomas’s Theological Outlook

Arnal, William E. “The Rhetoric of Marginality: Apocalypticism, Gnosticism, and Sayings Gospels.” HTR 88 (1995): 471–94.

Crislip, Andrew. “Lion and Human in Gospel of Thomas Logion 7.” JBL 126 (2007): 595–613.

Davies, Stevan. The Gospel of Thomas and Christian Wisdom. New York: Seabury, 1983.

DeConick, April D. “Mysticism in the Gospel of Thomas,” in Das Thomasevangelium: Entstehung, Rezeption, Theologie. Edited by Jörg Frey, Enno Edzard Popkes, Jens Schröter, Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 157 (Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008), 206–221.

___________. Seek to See Him: Ascent and Vision Mysticism in the Gospel of Thomas, Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae 33 (Leiden: Brill, 1996).

___________. Voices of the Mystics: Early Christian Discourse in the Gospels of John and Thomas and Other Ancient Christian Literature, Library of New Testament Studies 157 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001).

Gathercole, Simon J. “‘The Heavens and the Earth Will Be Rolled Up’: The Eschatology of the Gospel of Thomas. Pages 280–302 in Eschatologie = Eschatology: The Sixth Durham-Tübingen Research Symposium: Eschatology in the Old Testament, Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity. Edited by Hans-Joachim Eckstein, Christof Landmesser, and Hermann Lichtenberger. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2011.

Jackson, Howard M. The Lion Becomes Man: The Gnostic Leontomorphic Creator and the Platonic Tradition. Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series 81. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1985.

Kim, David W. “Is the Gospel of Thomas Gnostic?” Pages 170–79 In The Gnostic World. Edited by Garry Trompf, Gunner B. Mikkelsen, and Jay Johnson. Routledge Worlds. London: Routledge, 2018.

Miroshnikov, Ivan. The Gospel of Thomas and Plato: A Study of the Impact of Platonism on the “Fifth Gospel.” Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies 93. Leiden: Brill, 2018.

Patterson, Stephen J. “Jesus Meets Plato: The Theology of the Gospel of Thomas and Middle Platonism,” Pages 181–205 in Das Thomasevangelium: Entstehung, Rezeption, Theologie. Edited by Jörg Frey, Enno Edzard Popkes, and Jens Schröter. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 157. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Roques, René. “Gnosticisme et christianisme: l’Évangile selon Thomas.” Irénikon 33 (1960): 29–40.

Schoedel, William. “Naasene Themes in the Coptic Gospel of Thomas.” VC 14 (1960): 225–34.

Sevrin, Jean–Marie. “L’ évangile apocryphe de Thomas: un enseignement gnostique.” Foi et vie 81 (1982): 62–80.

___________. “L’Évangile selon Thomas: Paroles de Jésus et révélation gnostique.” Revue théologique de Louvain 8 (1977): 265–92.

Sivertsev, Alexei. “The Gospel of Thomas and Early Stages in the Development of the Christian Wisdom Literature.” Journal of Early Christian Studies 8 (2000): 319–40.

Uro, Risto. “Asceticism and Anti–Familial Language in the Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 216–34 in Constructing Early Christian Families: Family as Social Reality and Metaphor. Edited by Halvor Moxnes. London: Routledge, 1997.

___________. “Is Thomas an Encratite Gospel?” Pages 140–62 in Thomas at the Crossroads: Essays on the Gospel of Thomas. Edited by Risto Uro. Studies of the New Testament and Its World. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998.

___________. “The Social World of the Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 19–38 in Thomasine Traditions in Antiquity: The Social and Cultural World of the Gospel of Thomas. Edited by Jon Ma Asgeirsson, April DeConick, and Risto Uro. Leiden: Brill, 2006.

Valantasis, Richard. “Is the Gospel of Thomas Ascetical? Revisiting an Old Problem with a New Theory.” Journal of Early Christian Studies 7 (1999): 55–81.

3.10 Linguistic and Philological Issues

Baarda, Tjitze. “‘Chose’ or ‘Collected’: Concerning an Aramaism in Logion 8 of the Gospel of Thomas and the Question of Independence.” HTR 84 (1991): 373–97.

___________. “‘The Cornerstone’: An Aramaism in the Diatessaron and the Gospel of Thomas?” NovT 37 (1995): 285–300.

Garitte, Gerard. “Le fragment géorgian de l’Évangile de Thomas.” Revue d’Histoire Ecclésiastique 51 (1956): 513–20.

___________. “Les ‘Logoi’ d’Oxyrhynque sont traduits de copte,” Le Muséon 73 (1960): 335–49.

Guillaumont, Antoine. “Les Sémitismes dans l’Évangile selon Thomas: Essai de classement.” Pages 190–204 in Studies in Gnosticism and Hellenistic Religions Presented to Gilles Quispel on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday. Edited by R. van den Broeck. Leiden: Brill, 1981.

___________. “Sémitismes dans les logia de Jésus retrouvés à Nag–Hammâdi.” Journal Asiatique 246 (1958): 113–23.

Miroshnikov, Ivan. “‘In’ or ‘About’? Gospel of Thomas 52 and ‘Hebraizing’ Greek.” Teologinen Aikakauskirja 117 (2012): 179–85.

Perrin, Nicholas. “NHC II,2 and the Oxyrhynchus Fragments (P.Oxy 1, 654, 655): Overlooked Evidence for a Syriac Gospel of Thomas,” VC 58 (2004): 138–51.

___________. “The Aramaic Origins of the Gospel of Thomas—Revisited.” Pages 50–59 in Das Thomasevangelium: Entstehung, Rezeption, Theologie. Edited by Jörg Frey, Enno Edzard Popkes, and Jens Schröter. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 157. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008.

___________. Thomas and Tatian: The Relationship between the Gospel of Thomas and the Diatessaron, Academia Biblica 5. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2002.

Quispel, Gilles. “L’Évangile selon Thomas et le Diatessaron,” in Pages 31–35 in Gnostic Studies II. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch–Archaelogisch Institut te Istanbul, 1975.

___________. Tatian and the Gospel of Thomas: Studies in the History of the Western Diatessaron. Leiden: Brill, 1975.

Williams, Peter J. “Alleged Syriac Catchwords in the Gospel of Thomas.” VC 63 (2009): 71–82.

3.11 Individual Logia in Thomas

Arai, Sasagu. “‘To Make Her Male:’ An Interpretation of Logion 114 in the Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 373–76 in Studia Patristica: Papers Presented at the Eleventh International Conference on Patristic Studies Held in Oxford 1991. Edited by Elizabeth A. Livingstone. Leuven: Peeters, 1993.

Attridge, Harold W. “The Original Text of Gos. Thom., Saying 30.” Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 16 (1979): 153–57.

Baarda, Tjitze. “‘Blessed are the Poor. . .’ Concerning the Provenance of Logion 54 in ‘Thomas’.” Essays in Honor of Frederick Wisse, ARC: The Journal of the Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill 33: 32–51.

___________. “‘Blessed are the Poor…’: John Dominic Crossan on Logion 54.” Gereformeerd theologisch tijdschrift 97 (1997): 127–32.

____ _______. “‘Chose’ or ‘Collected’: Concerning an Aramaism in Logion 8 of the Gospel of Thomas and the Question of Independence.” HTR 84 (1991): 373–97.

___________. “‘The Cornerstone’: An Aramaism in the Diatessaron and the Gospel of Thomas?” NovT 37 (1995): 285–300.

_____ ______. “‘Vader – Zoon – Heilige Geest’ Logion 44 van ‘Thomas’.” Nederlands theologisch tijdschrift 51 (1997): 13–30.

Brankaer, Johanna. “L’ironie de Jésus dans le logion 114 de l’Évangile de Thomas.” Apocrypha 16 (2005): 149–62.

Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen. “An Interpretation of Logion 114 in ‘The Gospel of Thomas.’” NovT 27 (1985): 245–72.

Corley, Kathleen E. “Salome and Jesus at Table in the Gospel of Thomas.” Semeia 86 (1999): 85–97.

Crégheur, Eric. “Le motif des cinq arbres dans l’Évangile selon Thomas (log. 19) et la littérature ancienne.” Zeitschrift für antikes Christentum,19 (2015): 430–51.

Crislip, Andrew. “Lion and Human in Gospel of Thomas Logion 7.” JBL 126 (2007): 595–613.

Cwikla, Anna. “There’s Nothing about Mary: The Insignificance of Mary in the Gospel of Thomas 114.” Journal for Interdisciplinary Biblical Studies 1 (2019): 95–112.

DeConick, April. D. “The Yoke Saying in the Gospel of Thomas 90.” VC 44 (1990): 280–94.

DeConick, April D. and Jarl E. Fossum. “Stripped before God: A New Interpretation of Logion 37 in the Gospel of Thomas.” VC 45 (1991): 123–50.

Dehandschutter, Boudewijn. “Les paraboles de l’Evangile selon Thomas: la parabole du Trésor caché (log 109).” ETL 47 (1971): 199–219.

Gagné, André. “Des Étrangers Issus du Royaume et de la Lumière (EvTh 49–50): Les Solitaires–Élus dans l’Evangile selon Thomas, selon Une Approche Intratextuelle.” LTP 70 (2014): 105–17.

Gathercole, Simon. “Quis et Unde? Heavenly Obstacles in Gos. Thom. 50 and Related Literature.” Pages 82–99 in Paradise in Antiquity: Jewish and Christian Views. Edited by Markus Bockmuehl and Guy G. Stroumsa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Johnson, Steven R. “The Hidden/Revealed Saying in the Greek and Coptic Versions of Gos. Thom. 5 & 6.” NovT 44 (2002): 176–85.

Jipp, Joshua W. and Michael Thate. “Dating ‘Thomas’: Logion 53 as a Test Case for Dating the ‘Gospel of Thomas’ within an Early Christian Trajectory.” BBR 20 (2010): 237–55.

Johnson, Steven R. “The Gospel of Thomas 76:3 and Canonical Parallels: Three Segments in the Tradition History of the Saying.” Pages 308–26 in The Nag Hammadi Library after Fifty Years: Proceedings of the 1995 Society of Biblical Literature Commemoration. Edited by John D. Turner and Anne McGuire. Leiden: Brill, 1997.

___________. “The Hidden/Revealed Saying in the Greek and Coptic Versions of Gos. Thom. 5 & 6.” NovT 44 (2002): 176–85.

___________. Seeking the Imperishable Treasure: Wealth, Wisdom, and a Jesus Saying. Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2008.

King, Joshua T. “Sabbath Keeping as Metaphor in the Gospel of Thomas.” CBQ 81 (2019): 641–56.

Linjamaa, Paul. “Savoring Life with an Unsympathetic World View: Sabbath as Rest and Contemplation in Gospel of Thomas Logion 27.” Numen 63 (2016): 461–82.

Luijendijk, AnneMarie. “Buried and Raised: Gospel of Thomas Logion 5 and Resurrection.” Pages 272–96 in Beyond the Gnostic Gospels: Studies Building on the Work of Elaine Pagels. Edited by Eduard Iricinschi, Lance Jenott, Nicola Denzey Lewis, and Philippa Townsend. STAC 82. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013.

___________. “Jesus Says: ‘There is Nothing Buried that Will Not be Raised’: A Late–Antique Shroud with Gospel of Thomas Logion 5 in Context.” ZAC 15 (2011): 389–410.

Meyer, Marvin W. “‘Be Passersby’: Gospel of Thomas 42, Jesus Traditions, and Islamic Literature.” Pages 255–71 in Thomasine Traditions in Antiquity: The Social and Cultural World of the Gospel of Thomas. Edited by Jon Ma Asgeirsson, April Deconick, and Risto Uro. Nag Hammadi and Manichean Studies 59. Leiden: Brill, 2006.

___________. “Gospel of Thomas Logion 114 Revisited.” Pages 101–11 in For the Children, Perfect Instruction: Studies in Honor of Hans-Martin Schenke on the Cccasion of the Berliner Arbeitskreis für koptisch-gnostische Schriften’s Thirtieth Year. Edited by Hans-Gebhard Bethge, Karen L. King, Stephen Emmel, and Imke Schletterer. Nag Hammadi and Manicehan Studies 54. Leiden: Brill, 2002.

___________. “Seeing or Coming to the Child of the Living One? More on Gospel of Thomas Saying 37.” HTR 91 (1998): 413–16.

___________. “The Beginning of the Gospel of Thomas.” Semeia 52 (1990): 161–73.

Miroshnikov, Ivan. “‘For Women Are Not Worthy of Life’: Protology and Misogyny in Gospel of Thomas Saying 114.” Pages 175–86 in Women and Knowledge in Early Christianity. Edited by Ulla Tervahauta, Ivan Miroshnikov, Outi Lehtipuu, and Ismo Dunderberg. VCSup 144. Leiden: Brill, 2017.

Patterson, Stephen J. “‘Why Can’t a Woman Be More Like a Man?’: Making Mary Male (Thomas 114) in the Gendered World of Antiquity.” Pages 115–32 in Envisioning God in the Humanities: Essays on Christianity, Judaism, and Ancient Religion in Honor of Melissa Harl Sellew. Edited by Courtney J. P. Friesen. Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2018.

Renaud-Grosbras, Pascale. “Parago: promenade exégétique dans le Nouveau Testament et le logion 42 de l’Évangile de Thomas.” ETR 86 (2011): 209–20.

Schüngel, Paul. “Ein Vorschlag, EvTho 114 neu zu übersetzen.” NovT 36 (1994): 394–401.

Sellew, Melissa (née Philip) Harl. “Jesus and the Voice from beyond the Grave: Gospel of Thomas 42 in the Context of Funerary Epigraphy.” Pages 39–73 in Thomasine Traditions in Antiquity: The Social and Cultural World of the Gospel of Thomas. Edited by Jon Ma Asgeirsson, April D. DeConick, and Risto Uro. Leiden : Brill, 2006.

3.12 Topical Studies

3.12.1 Text Criticism and Textual Concerns

Attridge, Harold W. “The Original Text of Gos. Thom., Saying 30.” BASP 16 (1979): 153–57.

DeConick, April. D. “Corrections to the Critical Reading of the Gospel of Thomas.” VC 60 (2006): 201–208.

Gathercole, Simon J. “A Proposed Rereading of P.Oxy. 654 line 41 (Gos. Thom. 7).” HTR 99 (2006): 355–59.

Marcovich, Miroslav. “Textual Criticism on the Gospel of Thomas.” JTS 20 (1969): 53–74.

Quispel, Gilles. “L’Évangile selon Thomas et le ‘Texte Occidental’ du Nouveau Testament.” VC 14 (1960): 204–15.

Roques, René. “‘L’Évangile selon Thomas’: son édition critique et son identification.” RHR 157 (1960): 187–218.

3.12.2 Composition of Thomas / Jesus Sayings Tradition

Asgeirsson, Jon Ma. “Arguments and Audience(s) in the Gospel of Thomas (Part I).” SBLSP (1997): 47–85.

___________. “Arguments and Audience(s) in the Gospel of Thomas (Part II).” SBLSP (1998): 325–42.

Broadhead, Edwin K. “An Authentic Saying of Jesus in the Gospel of Thomas.” NTS 46 (2000): 132–49.

Callahan, Allen Dwight. “‘No Rhyme or Reason’: The Hidden Logia of the Gospel of Thomas.” HTR 90 (1997): 411–26.

DeConick, April. D. “On the Brink of the Apocalypse: A Preliminary Examination of the Earliest Speeches in the Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 93–118 in Thomasine Traditions in Antiquity: The Social and Cultural World of the Gospel of Thomas. Edited by Jon Ma Asgeirsson, April D. DeConick, and Risto Uro. Leiden: Brill, 2006.

___________. “The Original Gospel of Thomas.” VC 56 (2002): 167–99.

Cameron, Ron. “Parable and Interpretation in the Gospel of Thomas.” Forum 2 (1986): 3–39.

Dewey, Arthur J. “‘Keep Speaking Until You Find…’: Thomas and the School of Oral Mimesis.” Pages 109–32 in Redescribing Christian Origins. Edited by Ron Cameron and Merrill P. Miller. Society of Biblical Literature Symposium Series 28. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2004.

Eisele, Wilfried. Welcher Thomas? Studien zur Text- und Überlieferungsgeschichte des Thomasevangeliums. WUNT 259. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2010.

Fitzymer, Joseph A. “The Oxyrhynchus Logoi of Jesus and the Coptic Gospel according to Thomas.” Pages 355–43 in Essays on the Semitic Background of the New Testament. Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1974.

Gathercole, Simon J. The Composition of the Gospel of Thomas: Original Language and Influences. SNTSMS 151. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gianotto, Claudio. “Étude Critiquela Formation de l’Évangile selon Thomas: À Propos d’une Étude Récente.” Apocrypha 18 (2007): 297–307.

Hofius, Otfried. “Das koptische Thomasevangelium und die Oxyrhynchus Papyri nr 1,654 und 655.” EvT 20 (1960): 21–42.

Kaestli, Jean-Daniel. “L’Évangile de Thomas: son importance pour l’eétude des paroles de Jésus et du Gnosticisme chrétien.” ETR 54 (1979): 375–96.

___________. “L’utilisation de l’Évangile de Thomas dans la recherche actuelle sur les paroles de Jésus.” Pages 373–95 in Jésus de Nazareth: Nouvelles approches d’une eìnigme. Edited by D. Marguerat, E. Norelli and J.-M. Poffet. Le Monde de la Bible 38. Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1998.

Koester, Helmut. “Dialog und Spruchüberlieferung in den gnostischen Texten von Nag Hammadi.” EvT 39 (1979): 532–56.

___________. “Gnostic Writings as Witnesses for the Development of the Sayings Tradition.” Pages 238–61 in The Rediscovery of Gnosticism, Volume 1. The School of Valentinus: Proceedings of the International Conference on Gnosticism at Yale. SHR 41. Edited by Bentley Layton. Leiden: Brill, 1980.

___________. “ΓΝΩΜΑΙ ΔΙΑΦΟΡΟΙ: The Origin and Nature of Diversification in the History of Early Christianity.” HTR 58 (1965): 279–318.

Lelyveld, Margaretha. Les Logia de la Vie dans l’Evangile selon Thomas: A la Recherche d’une Tradition et d’une Rédaction. NHS 34. Leiden: Brill, 1987.

Ménard, Jacques-E. “Les Logia de l’Évangile selon Thomas.” RSR 62 (1988): 10–13.

Puech, Henri-Charles. “Une collection des paroles de Jésus récemment retrouvée découverte en Égypte: L’Évangile selon Thomas.” RHR 153 (1958): 129–33.

___________. “Une collection des paroles de Jésus récemment retrouvée: L’Évangile selon Thomas,” Pages 146–67 in Comptes rendus de l’Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. Paris: Institut de France, 1957.

Quispel, Gilles. “The Gospel of Thomas and the New Testament.” VC 11 (1957): 189–207.

Robbins, Vernon K. “Enthymeme and Picture in the Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 175–207 in Thomasine Traditions in Antiquity: The Social and Cultural World of the Gospel of Thomas. Edited by Jon Ma Asgeirsson, April D. DeConick, and Risto Uro. Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies 59. Leiden: Brill, 2006.

___________. “Enthymemic Texture in the Gospel of Thomas.” SBLSP 37 (1998): 343–66.

___________. “Rhetorical Composition and Sources in the Gospel of Thomas.” SBLSP (1997): 86–114.

Schenke, Hans-Martin. “On the Compositional History of the Gospel of Thomas.” FF 10 (1994): 9–30.

Sevrin, Jean-Marie. “L’Évangile selon Thomas: Paroles de Jésus et révélation gnostique.” RTL 8 (1977): 265–92.

Uro, Risto. “Thomas and Oral Tradition.” Pages 8–32 in Thomas at the Crossroads: Essays on the Gospel of Thomas. Edited by Risto Uro. SNTW. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998.

3.12.3 Thomas and Gender

Corley, Kathleen E. “Salome and Jesus at Table in the Gospel of Thomas.” Semeia 86 (1999): 85–97.

Cwikla, Anna. “There’s Nothing about Mary: The Insignificance of Mary in the Gospel of Thomas 114.” Journal for Interdisciplinary Biblical Studies 1 (2019): 95–112.

DeConick, April D. Holy Misogyny: Why the Sex and Gender Conflicts in the Early Church Still Matter. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.

Harl Sellew, Melissa. “Reading the Gospel of Thomas from Here: A Trans-Centred Hermeneutic.” Journal for Interdisciplinary Biblical Studies 1.2 (2020): 61–96.

Marjanen, Antti. “Women Disciples in the Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 89–106 in Thomas at the Crossroads: Essays on the Gospel of Thomas. Edited by Risto Uro. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998.

Meyer, Marvin W. “Making Mary Male: The Categories ‘Male’ and ‘Female’ in the Gospel of Thomas.” NTS 31 (1985): 554–70.

3.12.4 Thomas within Early Christianity

Arnal, William E. “Blessed are the Solitary: Textual Practices and the Mirage of a Thomas ‘Community.’” Pages 271–87 in ‘The One Who Sows Bountifully’: Essays in Honor of Stanley K. Stowers. Edited by Caroline Johnson Hodge, Saul M. Olyan, Daniel Ullucci, and Emma Wasserman. Providence: Brown Judaic Studies, 2013.

___________. “The Rhetoric of Social Construction: Language and Society in the Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 27–48 in Rhetoric and Reality in Early Christianities. Edited by Willi Braun. Studies in Christianity and Judaism / Études Sur Le Christianisme et Le Judaïsme 16. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2005.

Asgeirsson, Jon Ma., April DeConick, and Risto Uro (eds.) Thomasine Traditions in Antiquity: The Social and Cultural World of the Gospel of Thomas. Leiden: Brill, 2006.

Cameron, Ron. “Alternate Beginnings – Different Ends: Eusebius, Thomas, and the Construction of Christian Origins.” Pages 501–25 in Religious Propaganda and Missionary Competition in the New Testament World: Essays Honoring Dieter Georgi. Edited by Lukas Bormann, Kelly Del Tredici, and Angela Standhartinger. NovTSup 74. Leiden: Brill, 1994.

___________. “Ancient Myths and Modern Theories of the Gospel of Thomas and Christian Origins.” MTSR 11 (1999): 236–57.

___________. “Redescribing Christian Origins.” Annali di Storia dell’Esegesi 25 (2008): 35–54.

___________. “The Gospel of Thomas and Christian Origins.” Pages 381–92 in The Future of Early Christianity: Essays in Honor of Helmut Koester. Edited by Birger A. Pearson. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1991.

DeConick, April. D. “Reading the Gospel of Thomas as a Repository of Early Christian Communal Memory.” Pages 207–20 in Memory, Tradition, and Text: Uses of the Past in Early Christianity. Edited by Alan Kirk and Tom Thatcher. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2005.

Dunderberg, Ismo. “From Thomas to Valentinus: Genesis Exegesis in Fragment 4 of Valentinus and Its Relationship to the Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 221–37 in Thomasine Traditions in Antiquity: The Social and Cultural World of the Gospel of Thomas. Edited by Jon Ma Asgeirsson, April D. Deconick, and Risto Uro. Nag Hammadi and Manichean Studies 59. Leiden: Brill, 2006.

Kim, David William. “What Shall We Do?: The Community Rules of Thomas in the ‘Fifth Gospel.’” Biblica 88 (2007): 393–414.

Luijendijk, AnneMarie. “Reading the Gospel of Thomas in the Third Century: Three Oxyrhynchus Papyri and Origen’s Homilies” Pages 241–67 in Reading New Testament Papyri in Context. Lire les papyrus du Nouveau Testament dans leur contexte. Edited by Claive Clivaz and Jean Zumstein. BETL 242. Leuven: Peeters, 2011.

Sellew, Melissa (née Philip) Harl. “Death, the Body, and the World in the Coptic Gospel of Thomas.” Studia Patristica 31 (1997): 530–34.

___________. “James and the Rejection of Apostolic Authority in the Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 193–208 in Delightful Acts: New Essays on Canonical and Non–Canonical Acts. Edited by Harold W. Attridge, Dennis R. MacDonald, and Clare K. Rothschild. WUNT 391. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2017.

Uro, Risto. “‘Who Will Be Our Leader?’: Authority and Autonomy in the Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 457–85 in Fair Play, Diversity, and Conflicts in Early Christianity: Essays in Honour of Heikki Räisänen. Edited Ismo Dunderberg, Christopher Tuckett, and Kari Syreeni. NovTSup 103. Leiden: Brill, 2002.

3.12.5 Thomas and Jesus/Historical Jesus

Marshall, J. W. “The Gospel of Thomas and the Cynic Jesus.” Pages 37–60 in Whose Historical Jesus? Edited by William E. Arnal and Michel Desjardins. Studies in Christianity and Judaism / Études Sur Le Christianisme et Le Judaïsme 7. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press 1997.

Meyer, Marvin W. “Albert Schweitzer and the Image of Jesus in the Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 72–90 in Jesus Then and Now: Images of Jesus in History and Christology. Edited by Marvin Meyer and Charles Hughes. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 2001.

. “Jesus in the Nag Hammadi Library: New Light on Early Christian Belief.” Reformed Journal 29 6 (1979): 14–18.

Patterson, Stephen J. “The Gospel of Thomas and Historical Jesus Research.” Pages 663–84 in Coptica – gnostica – manichaica: mélanges offerts à Wolf–Peter Funk. Edited by Louis Painchaud and Paul–Hubert Poirier. Bibliothìque copte de Nag Hammadi Études 7. Quebec: Les Presses de l’Université Laval; Paris: Éditions Peeters, 2006.

Quarles, Charles L. “The Use of the ‘Gospel of Thomas’ in the Research on the Historical Jesus of John Dominic Crossan.” CBQ 69 (2007): 517–36.

Tuckett, Christopher M. “The Gospel of Thomas: Evidence for Jesus?” NedTT 52 (1998): 17–32.

3.12.6 Miscellaneous Topical Studies

Baarda, Tjitze. “The Gospel of Thomas and the Old Testament.” Proceedings of the Irish Biblical Association 26 (2003): 1–28.

___________. “What Have You Come Out to See? Characterizations of John and Jesus in the Gospels.” Semeia 49 (1990): 35–69.

Burns, Dylan. “Seeking Ancient Wisdom in the New Age: New Age and NeoGnostic Commentaries on the Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 252–89 in Polemical Encounters. Edited by Kocku von Stuckrad and Olav Hammer. Leiden: Brill, 2007.

Davies, Stevan. “The Christology and Protology of the ‘Gospel of Thomas.’” JBL 111 (1992): 663–82.

Fowler, Kimberley. “Reading Gospel of Thomas 100 in the Fourth Century: From Roman Imperialism to Pachomian Concern over Wealth.” VC 72 (2018): 421–46.

Gagné, André. “Jésus, la Lumière et le Père Vivant: Principe de Gémellité dans l’Évangile selon Thomas.” Apocrypha 23 (2012): 209–21.

___________. “L’Évangile selon Thomas à la Croisée des Identités.” Annuaire de l’École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Section des Sciences Religieuses 125 (2018): 201–5.

Gathercole, Simon J. “Named Testimonia to the Gospel of Thomas: An Expanded Inventory and Analysis.” HTR 105 (2012): 53–89.

Johnson, Steven R. “Hippolytus’s Refutatio and the Gospel of Thomas.” JECS 18 (2010): 305–26.

Litwa, M. David. “‘I Will Become Him’: Homology and Deification in the Gospel of Thomas.” JBL 133 (2015): 427–47.

Meyer, Marvin W. The Gospels of the Marginalized: The Redemption of Doubting Thomas, Mary Magdalene, and Judas Iscariot in Early Christian Literature. Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2012.

Nagel, Peter. “Erwägungen zum Thomas–Evangelium.” Pages 368–92 in Die Araber in der alten Welt. Volume V, Part 2. Edited by F. Altheim and R. Stiehl. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1969.

Popkes, Enno Edzard. Das Menschenbild des Thomasevangeliums. Untersuchungen zu seiner religionsgeschichtlichen und chronologischen Einordnung. WUNT 206. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007.

___________. “Das Thomasevangelium als crux interpretum: die methodischen Ursachen einer diffusen Diskussionslage.” Pages 271–92 in Jesus in apokryphen Evangelienüberlieferungen: Beiträge zu außerkanonischen Jesusüberlieferungen aus verschiedenen Sprach- und Kulturtraditionen. Edited by Jörg Frey and Jens Schröter. WUNT 254. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2010

Quispel, Gilles. “Der Heliand und das Thomasevangelium.” VC 16 (1962): 121–51.

Thomaskutty, Johson. Saint Thomas the Apostle: New Testament, Apocrypha, and Historical Traditions. Jewish and Christian Texts 25. London: T&T Clark, 2018.

Toepel, Alexander. “‘Was ihr verabscheut, das tut nicht’: Ethik im Thomasevangelium und bei Epikur.” Pages 75–79 in Christliches Ägypten in der spätantiken Zeit: Akten der 2. Tübinger Tagung zum Christlichen Orient (7.–8. Dezember 2007). STAC 79. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013.