Martyrdom of Mark

Martyrium Marci

Standard abbreviation: Mart. Mark

Other titles: Acts of Mark

Clavis numbers: ECCA 593; CANT 287

Category: Apocryphal Acts

Related literature: Acts and Miracles of Mark, Golden Legend 59

Compiled by Tobias Nicklas, Universität Regensburg ([email protected]regensburg.de).

Citing this resource (using Chicago Manual of Style): Nicklas, Tobias. “Martyrdom of Mark.” e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha. Accessed DAY MONTH YEAR. https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/martyrdom-of-mark/.

Created May 2021. Current as of Sept. 2022.

1. SUMMARY

Mart. Mark recounts the legend of the founding of the Church of Alexandria by the apostle and evangelist Mark. Although the individual recensions and versions of the differ in detail, a concise sketch of its content can be offered. Forced by the Holy Spirit, Mark travels from Cyrene to Alexandria. When one of his sandals breaks on his entry into the city, this proves to be divine providence: Mark approaches the cobbler Ananias/Anianos who injures himself while repairing Mark’s sandal, but is healed by the apostle. A conversation ensues and Mark is invited to Ananias’s house; Ananias is so enthusiastic about Mark’s message that he and his house convert. Now Mark creates the earliest organization of the Alexandrian Church around Ananias (who is ordained bishop). After a while, however, he has to flee again to Cyrene because of growing opposition to his mission.

When he returns after two years, Mark finds a thriving Christian community. Mark’s return now leads to growing resistance among the city’s old elites, especially the worshippers of the city god Serapis. Thus Mark is arrested on the “birthday” of Serapis—falling also on Easter Sunday —and is dragged through the city. On the last night before Mark’s death, Christ appears to him in prison; the next day he suffers martyrdom. A weather miracle saves Mark’s body, which is buried in the Boukolou quarter of the city and venerated by Christ’s followers. The text concludes with a description of Mark’s appearance and a reference to his feast day on 25 April.

Named Historical Figures and Characters: Ananias/Anianos (of Alexandria), Holy Spirit, Jesus Christ, Kerdon, Mark (evangelist), Melioos/Aemilianus, Sabinos, Serapis, Tiberius (emperor).

Geographical Locations: Alexandria, Ammoniake, Angelos, Bennidion/Mendion, Boukolou, Cyrene, Egypt, Libya, Marmarika, Pentapolis, Pharos Island.

2. RESOURCES

2.1 Art and Iconography

Ivory Plaque of Mark (Castello Sforzesco, Milan; perhaps 7th/8th cent.): image of Mark healing the cobbler Anianos.

Shrine of Saint Mark in Abbasiya, Cairo ~ features paintings by Isaac Fanous created in 1969; see Gawdat Gabra and Gertrud J. M. Van Loon, The Churches of Egypt. From the Holy Family to the Present Day (Cairo and New York: American University in Cairo Press, 2012), 184–85.

The Latin lives-of-saints compilation Genève-Cologny, Bibliothèque Bodmer, MS Bodmer 127 features a decorated initial with a depiction of Mark’s martyrdom (fol. 50^r). See link to manuscript below.

2.3 Web Sites and Other Online Resources

“Mark the Evangelist.” Wikipedia.

3. BIBLIOGRAPHY

3.1 Manuscripts and Editions

3.1.1 Arabic Version 1 (BHO 597)

3.1.1.1 Arabic Script

Beirut, Bibliothèque Orientale de l’Université Saint Joseph, 1426 (1855) ~ contents unconfirmed

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Graf 472 (18th cent.)

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Hist. 1 (13th/14th cent.)

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Hist. 2 (14th cent.)

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Hist. 3 (1626)

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Hist. 6 (not dated) ~ contents unconfirmed

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Hist. 7 (14th cent.)

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Hist. 16 (15th cent.)

Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Christ. Arab. 84, fols. 44^v–48^r (ca. 1780)

Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Christ Arab. 87b, fols. 65^v–69^r (ca. 1600 and 1700)

Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Christ. Arab. Add. 172 (248) (ca. 1400) ~ table of contents only; catalog)

Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek, Or. 1067 (Tischendorf 32) (15th cent.)

Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, ar. 402, fols. 117^v–123^v (1328–1334)

Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, ar. 403, fols. 290^r–295^r(1258/1259)

Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, ar. 423, fols. 522^r–526^r (1626)

Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, ar. 539, fols. 200^v–204^v (12th cent.)

Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, ar. 553, 6 (1182) ~ LOC

Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, ar. 602, 8 (17th cent.)

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodl. Ar. 541 (Nicoll 49), fols. 83^r–85^r (18th cent.)

Paris, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 264, fols. 82^r–83^v(1594) ~ Gallica

Strasbourg, Bibliothè nationale et universitaire, or. 4225 (ar. 150), fols. 205^v–213^r (885/886) ~ BVMM

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Sbath 500, fols. 185^r–186^r (15th cent.)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. ar. 171, fols. 70^r–72^v (17th cent.)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. ar. 694, fols. 152^r–156^v(14th cent.)

Wadi El-Natrun, Monastery of the Syrians (Dayr al-Suryān), no shelf number, fol. 148^v (14th cent.)

3.1.1.2 Garšūnī

Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Syr. 40, fols. 203^v–230^r (ca. 1750)

Bausi, Alessandro. “Alcune osservazioni sul Gadla ḥawāryāt.” Annali dell’Istituto Orientale di Napoli 60–61 (2001–2002): 77–114 (list of 31 Arabic manuscripts of the Arabic acts collection, pp. 97–101).

Graf, Georg. Geschichte der christlichen arabischen Literatur. 5 vols. Studi e testi 118, 133, 146–147, 172. Rome: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1944–1953 (discussion of Arabic manuscripts, vol. 1, pp. 260–62, 265).

Lewis, Agnes Smith, ed. Acta Mythologica Apostolorum, Transcribed from an Arabic Ms. in the Convent of Deyr-es-Suriani, Egypt, and from Mss. in the Convent of St Catherine, on Mount Sinai. Horae Semiticae 3. London: C.J. Clay and Sons, 1904 (Arabic text based on Sinai arab. 539, pp. 126–29).

3.1.2 Arabic Version 2 (BHO 598)

Evetts, Basil Thomas Alfred, ed. History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria. PO 1.2. Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1907 (Arabic text and English translation of version, prefaced by an account of Mark’s early life, incorporated into the History 2.1–2, pp. 135–48).

3.1.2 Coptic (CPC 0567; PAThs entry)

3.1.2.1 Bohairic

CLM 2879, pp. 759–762, 767–770 (13th cent.)

Evelyn White, Hugh G. The Monasteries of the Wadi ‘n Natrûn. Part 1: New Coptic Texts from the Monastery of Saint Macarius. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1926 (text and English translation of CLM 2879, pp. 46–47).

Hatch, William H. P. “Three Hitherto Unpublished Leaves from a Manuscript of the Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha in Bohairic Coptic.” Pages 305–17 in Coptic Studies in Honor of Walter Ewing Crum. Bulletin of the Byzantine Institute 2. Boston: Byzantine Institute, 1950 (edition and English translation of an additional leaf from Hatch’s collection, pp. 316–17).

3.1.2.2 Sahidic (see links for editions)

New York, Morgan Library and Museum, M635 (=MICH.CG), fols. 24^r–32^v (10th cent.)

Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum and Papyrussammlung, Staatliche Museen, P. 22081 (=Hubai BC)

MONB.BY, pp. 47–[56] (ca. 10th cent.)

MONB.DD, pp. 13–14 (ca. 10th cent.)

MONB.QY, pp. 204–? (10th cent.)

Satzinger, Helmut. Aegyptische Urkunden aus den Königlichen Museen zu Berlin. Vol. 3.1: Koptische Urkunden. Berlin: B. Hessling, 1968 (publication of P.22081, pp. 9–12).

Hubai, Paul. “The Legend of Mark: Coptic Fragments.” Pages 165–234 in Studia in honorem L. Fóti. Studa Aegyptica 12. Budapest: Chaire d’Egyptologie de l’Université Eötvös Loránd, 1989 (synoptic edition of Greek and Coptic sources [lacking MONB.QY and MICH.CG], pp. 190–213).

3.1.2.3 Copto-Arabic Synaxarion

The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion includes a summary of the text for 30 Parmoute (April 25 Julian).

Basset, René. “Le Synaxaire arabe jacobite (rédaction copte) IV: Les mois de Barmahat, Barmoudah et Bachonos.” Patrologia orientalis 16 (1922): 185–424 (edition and translation of the summary of the text in the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, pp. 344–47).

3.1.3 Ethiopic

3.1.3.1 Martyrdom of Mark

Version A (BHO 599)

London, British Library, Or. 678, fols. 116^r–119^r (15th cent.)

London, British Library, Or. 683, fols. 228^v–231^v (17th cent.)

London, British Library, Or. 685, fols. 126^r–128^v (18th cent.)

Manchester, John Rylands University Library, Eth. 6, fols. 181^v–188^v (19th cent.)

Bausi, Alessandro. “Alcune osservazioni sul Gadla ḥawāryāt.” Annali dell’Istituto Orientale di Napoli 60–61 (2001–2002): 77–114 (list of 31 manuscripts of the Ethiopic acts collection, pp. 93–97).

Budge, Ernest A. W. Gadla Ḥawâryât: The Contendings of the Apostles, Being the Lives and Martyrdoms and Deaths of the Twelve Apostles and Evangelists. Vol. 1. London: Henry Frowde, 1899 (Ethiopic text based on British Library, Or. 678 and 683, pp. 257–64).

Pisani, Vitagrazia. “The apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: unknown witnesses from East Tәgray.” Pages 75–93 in Essays in Ethiopian Manuscript Studies. Proceedings of the International Conference Manuscripts and Texts, Languages and Contexts: the Transmission of Knowledge in the Horn of Africa. Hamburg, 17–19 July 2014. Edited by Alessandro Bausi, Alessandro Gori, and Denis Nosnitsin. Supplements to Aethiopica 4. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2015 (descriptions of ten Ethiopic manuscripts cataloged for the Ethio-SPaRe project).

Version B

Wollo, Monastry of Dabra Hayq, EMML 1763, fols. 224^r–227^r (14th cent.)

Haile, Getatchew. “A New Version of the Acts of Mark.” AnBoll 99 (1981): 117–34 (goes back to Greek Vorlage similar to P, text pp. 124–29, translation, pp. 129–34).

Unevaluated

Goğğām Province (Ethiopia), Dabra Abuna Ḥarā Monastery, EMML 8628, fols. 71^r–74^v (18th cent.) ~ HMML

3.1.3.2 Ethiopic Synaxarion

The Ethiopian Synaxarion (first recension) includes a summary of the text for 30 Miyazya (April 25 Julian).

Budge, Ernest A. W. The Book of the Saints of the Ethiopian Church: A Translation of the Ethiopic Synaxarium: Made from the Manuscripts Oriental 660 and 661 in the British Museum. 4 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1928 (English translation of the entry for 30 Miyazya, vol. 2, pp. 845–47).

3.1.4 Georgian

Mount Athos, Iviron, Geor. 57 (10th/11th cent.)

Kekeliże, Korneli. Monumenta hagiographica georgica: Keimena. 2 vols. Tbilisi: Sak’art’. Rk. Gz. sammart’velos tipo-lit., 1918–1946 (edition vol. 1, pp. 193–97).

3.1.5 Greek (BHG 1035–1036, 1038f)

Recension A (BHG 1035)

V Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. gr. 866, fols. 276^r–277^v (11th/12th cent.)

Bolland, Jean et al., eds. Acta Sanctorum, Aprilis. Vol. 3. Antwerp: P. Jacobs, 1675 (edition of Vat. gr. 866, pp. xlvi–xlvii); 3rd ed. Paris: V. Palmé, 1866 (pp. xxxviii–xl).

Messina, Biblioteca Regionale Universitaria ‘Giacomo Longo’, San Salvatoris 3, fols. 69^v–73^r (1141)

Messina, Biblioteca Regionale Universitaria ‘Giacomo Longo,’ San Salvatoris 26, fols. 40^r–43^r (12th/13th cent.)

Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, D 092 sup. (Martini-Bassi 259), fols. 243^r–245^v (10th/11th cent.)

Mount Athos, Monē Megistēs Lauras, Γ 087 (Eustratiades 0327), fols. 157^r–159^r (11th cent.)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. gr. 1987, fols. 97^r–98^v, 111^v–112^v (12th cent.)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. gr. 2121, fols. 93^r–94^r (11th cent.) ~ fragments

Recension B (BHG 1036)

P Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 881, fols. 310^r–313^v (10th cent.)

Migne, Jacques-Paul. Patrologia graeca. Vol. 115. Paris: Cerf, 1899 (edition of Paris, gr. 881, with Latin text from Surius, cols. 163–70).

Athens, Ethnikē Bibliothēkē tēs Hellados, 278, fols. 283^r–286^r (14th cent.)

Athens, Ethnikē Bibliothēkē tēs Hellados, 989, fols. 111^v–114^r (12th cent.)

Brescia, Biblioteca Queriniana, A. III. 03, fols. 308^r–309^v (16th cent.)

Bucharest, Biblioteca Academiei Române, Ms. grec 861 (11th cent)

Genova, Biblioteca Franzoniana, Urbani 34, fols. 118^v–122^r (11th cent.)

Jerusalem, Patriarchikē bibliothēkē, Saba 30, fols. 326^r–328^v (10th/11th cent.)

Jerusalem, Patriarchikē bibliothēkē, Panagios Taphos gr. 66, fols. 161^r–166^r(15th/16th cent.)

Jerusalem, Patriarchikē bibliothēkē, Panaghiou Taphou 134, fols. 395^r–398^v (1582)

Jerusalem, Patriarchikē bibliothēkē, Panaghiou Taphou 135, fols. 123^r–128^r (14th cent.)

Jerusalem, Patriarchikē bibliothēkē, Timiou Staurou 17, fols. 305^v–309^v (16th cent.) ~ LOC

Leiden, Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit, Periz. F° 10, fols. 43^r–46^v (11th cent.)

Meteora, Monē Metamorphôseôs, 554, fols. 255^r–259^r (11th cent.)

Meteora, Monē Metamorphôseôs, 558, fols. 557^v–560^v (16th cent.)

Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, F 144 sup. (Martini-Bassi 377), fols. 170^r–171^v (11th cent.)

Mount Athos, Monē Esphigmenou, 318 (Lambros 2331) (12th cent.)

Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, gr. 534, fols. 210^r–212^v (1629)

Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod.graec. 524, fols. 75^r–77^r (14th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France,grec 881, fols. 310^r–313^v (10th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 1534, fols. 124^v–128^v (11th/2th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, grec 1604, fols. 179^v–186^r (11th cent.)

Patmos, Monē tou Hagiou Iōannou tou Theologou, 254, fols. 291^v–295^r (10th cent.)

Rome, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Vittorio Emanuele II, Gr. 20, fols. 56^v–61^r (15th cent.)

St Petersburg, Russian National Library/Rossijskaja Nacional’naja biblioteka, Ф. № 906 (Gr.) 094 (Granstrem 334), fols. 97^v–100^r (12th cent.)

Turin, Biblioteca Nazionale Universitaria, C. I. 10 (Pasini 080) 1036 (10th cent.)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Ott. gr. 411, fols. 378^r–381^r(15th cent.)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Pal. gr. 269, fols. 166^v–171^v (15th cent.)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. gr. 1190, fols. 837^r–839^r(1542)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. gr. 1660, fols. 309^v–314^v (916)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. gr. 1660, fol. 314^v (916) ~ 1038f ~ DigiVatLib

Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, gr. II. 090 (coll. 1259), fols. 44^v–48^r (16th cent.)

Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, gr. VII. 40 (coll. 1467), fols. 291^r–296^r (16th cent.)

Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, gr. VII. 48 (coll. 1369), fols. 1^r–8^v (1588)

Weimar, Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek, Q.729, fols. 150^v–155^r (11th cent.)

3.1.6 Latin Traditions

3.1.6.1 Martyrdom of Mark (BHL 5276–5280)

Angers, Bibliothèque municipale, 281, fols. 119^r–122^r (11th cent.)

Genève-Cologny, Bibliothèque Bodmer, MS Bodmer 127, fols. 50^r–51^v (12th cent.)

Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 13074, fols. 146^r–148^v (1175)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, lat. 12604, fols. 89^v–91^v (12th cent.)

Bolland, Jean et al., eds. Acta Sanctorum, Aprilis. Vol. 3. Antwerp: P. Jacobs, 1675 (edition of Vat. gr. 866, pp. 347–49); 3rd ed. Paris: V. Palmé, 1866 (text without identification of sources, pp. 350–52).

Lipsius, Richard A. Die apokryphen Apostelgeschichten und Apostellegenden. 2 vols. in 3 parts. Braunschweig: C. A. Schwetschke und Sohn, 1883–1890 (discussion of Latin text, including list of manuscripts, vol. 2.2:330–31).

Mombritius, Boninus. Sanctuarium seu Vitae Sanctorum. Milan: Tip. epónima, 1477–1478; repr. Paris: Fonetmoing et Socii, 1910 (Latin text, vol. 2:173–75, 688–89).

Surius, Laurentius. De probatis Sanctorum historiis partim ex tomis Aloysii Lipomani. 6 vols. Cologne: Calenius and Quentel, 1570–1575 (Latin text in vol. 2, pp. 848–51).

3.1.6.2 Miracles and Virtues of Mark (BHL 5285)

Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 13074 (fols. 169^r–176^r (1175)

3.1.7 Church Slavic

Entry for April 3 in the Great Menaion Reader (Velikiye Chet’yi-Minei), the official Russian Orthodox menaion compiled by the Metropolitan Makarius of Moscow (r. 1542–1563).

Archeografičeskaja Kommissija. Velikija minei četii sobrannyja vserossijskim metropolitom Makariem: Aprel’, dni 20–30. Moscow: Tipografija Imperatorskoj Akademii Nauk, 1916 (see cols. 958–63).

3.2 Modern Translations

3.2.1 English

Budge, Ernest A. W. Gadla Ḥawâryât: The Contendings of the Apostles, Being the Lives and Martyrdoms and Deaths of the Twelve Apostles and Evangelists. Vol. 2 (English translations). London: Henry Frowde, 1901 (English translation of the Ethiopic text, pp. 309–18).

Callahan, Allen Dwight. “The Acts of Saint Mark: An Introduction and Translation.” Coptic Church Review 14:1 (1993): 3–10 (translation of Vat. gr. 866, pp. 4–8).

Hatch, William H. P. “Three Hitherto Unpublished Leaves from a Manuscript of the Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha in Bohairic Coptic.” Pages 305–17 in Coptic Studies in Honor of Walter Ewing Crum. Bulletin of the Byzantine Institute 2. Boston: Byzantine Institute, 1950 (edition and English translation of two Bohairic leaves from Hatch’s collection, pp. 312–15).

Lewis, Agnes Smith. The Mythological Acts of the Apostles, Translated from an Arabic Ms. in the Convent of Deyr-es-Suriani, Egypt, and from Mss. in the Convent of St Catherine on Mount Sinai and in the Vatican Library. Horae Semiticae 4. London: C.J. Clay and Sons, 1904 (English translation based on Sinai ar. 539, pp. 147–51).

Malan, Solomon C. The Conflicts of the Holy Apostles, An Apocryphal Book of the Early Eastern Church. London: D. Nutt, 1871 (English translation of the Ethiopic text based on Rylands Eth. 6, pp. 181–87).

Nicklas, Tobias. “The Martyrdom of Mark.” Pages 375–92 in vol. 3 of New Testament Apocrypha: More Noncanonical Scriptures. 3 vols. Edited by Tony Burke with Brent Landau. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2016–2023 (English translation based on the Greek manuscript V).

––––––. “The Martyrdom of Mark in Late Antique Alexandria.” Pages 519–42 in Alexandria – Hub of the Hellenistic World. Edited by Jörg Frey, Benjamin Schliesser, Thomas J. Kraus and Jan Rüggemeier. WUNT 461. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2021 (includes translation of Greek manuscript P, pp. 537–42).

3.2.2 French

Bovon, François and Allen Dwight Callahan. “Martyre de Marc l’évangeliste.” Pages 569–86 in volume 2 of Écrits apocryphes chrétiens. Edited by Pierre Geoltrain and Jean-Daniel Kaestli. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade 516. Paris: Gallimard, 2005 (translation based on Paris, gr. 881).

LeFort, Louis-Théophile. “Fragments copte-sahidique du Martyre de St.-Marc.” Pages 226–31 in vol. 1 of Mélanges d’histoire offerts à Ch. Moeller. Recueil de travaux publiés par les membres des conferences d’histoire et de philologie 40. Leuven: Bureaux du Redueil and Paris: Picard et Fils, 1914 (text and French translation of portion of MONB.DD).

3.3 General Works

Baarda, Tjitze. “Het martyrium van Markus.” Benedictijns Tjidschrift 4 (1991): 168–77.

Black, C. Clifton. Mark: Images of an Apostolic Interpreter. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994.

Callahan, Allen Dwight. “The Acts of Mark: Tradition, Transmission, and Translation of the Arabic Version.” Pages 63–85 in The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles. Edited by François Bovon, Ann Graham Brock, and Christopher R. Matthews. Harvard Divinity School Studies; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Davis, Stephen J. The Early Coptic Papacy: The Egyptian Church and its Leadership in Late Antiquity. Cairo: The American University of Cairo Press, 2004.

Furlong, Dean. The John also Called Mark. Reception and Transformation in Christian Tradition. WUNT II 518. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2020.

Hardy, Nathan. “A Spirited Iconomachy: Epiphany and Conquest in the Martyrdom of Mark.” Pages 159–205 in “Signs of Life: Late Ancient Christianity, Narrative, and the Paradox of Living Images.” PhD Diss., University of Chicago, 2022.

Hubai, Paul. “The Legend of St. Mark. Coptic Fragments.” Pages 165–89 in Studia in honorem L. Fóti. Studia Aegyptica 12. Budapest: Chaire d’Egyptologie de l’Université Eötvös Loránd, 1989.

Lipsius, Richard A. Die apokryphen Apostelgeschichten und Apostellegenden, 2 vols. in 3 parts. Braunschweig: C. A. Schwetschke und Sohn, 1883–1890 (see vol. 2.2:321–53, esp. 329–36).

Lusini, Gianfrancesco. “Les Acts de Marc en éthiopen: remarques philologiques et histoire de la tradition.” Apocrypha 13 (2002): 123–34.

Nicklas, Tobias. “The Martyrdom of Mark in Late Antique Alexandria.” Pages 519–42 in Alexandria – Hub of the Hellenistic World. Edited by Jörg Frey, Benjamin Schliesser, Thomas J. Kraus and Jan Rüggemeier. WUNT 461. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2021.

Oden, Thomas C. The African Memory of Mark: Reassessing Early Church Tradition. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2011 (esp. 64–65)

Otero, Aurelio de Santos. “Later Acts of the Apostles.” Pages 426–82 in New Testament Apocrypha. Vol. 2: Writings Related to the Apostles, Apocalypses and Related Subjects. Edited by Wilhelm Schneemelcher. Translated by R. McLachlan Wilson. 6th ed. 2 vols. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 1992 (see pp. 461–64).

Pearson, Birger A. “Ancient Alexandria in the Acts of Mark.” Pages 273–84 in Society of Biblical Literature 1997 Seminar Papers. SBLSP 36. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997. Reprinted as pages 100–11 in Gnosticism and Christianity in Roman and Coptic Egypt. London: T & T Clark, 2004.

––––––. “The Acts of Mark and the Topography of Ancient Alexandria.” BSAA 45 (1993): 239–46.