Infancy Gospel of Thomas

Euangelium Thomae de infantia Saluatoris

Other titles: Gospel of Thomas, Childhood of Jesus, Paidika

Standard abbreviation: Inf. Gos. Thom.

Clavis numbers: ECCA 421; CANT 57

VIAF: 184287220

Category: Infancy Gospels

Related literature: Acts of Christ and Peter in Rome, Arabic Infancy Gospel, Epistle of the Apostles, Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, History of the Virgin (East Syriac), Life of Mary (West Syriac)

Compiled by: Tony Burke, York University ([email protected])

Citing this resource (using Chicago Manual of Style): Burke, Tony. “Infancy Gospel of Thomas.” e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha. Accessed DAY MONTH YEAR. https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/infancy-gospel-of-thomas/.

Created October 2015. Current as of May 2023.

1. SUMMARY

In its earliest form, Infancy Thomas contains no attribution; it is simply titled “The Childhood Deeds of Jesus.” It covers activities in Jesus’ life from the ages of five to twelve. The story begins with Jesus playing with other children at a stream. Then follows a series of curses: Jesus makes the arm of one child wither as punishment for disrupting his play, murders another for bumping into him, and blinds some villagers when they criticize him for his misdeeds. These curses lead to the text’s main act: an episode stretching over three chapters (chs. 6–8) in which a teacher named Zacchaeus tries to correct Jesus’ behavior through education. But Jesus outwits the teacher, stupefying him with a speech in which he promises to offer a teaching “that no-one else knows nor is able to teach.” Humbled by Jesus, Zacchaeus delivers a lengthy lamentation, declaring that Jesus is “not of this world.” Appeased, Jesus then restores those he cursed to health. The text continues with a few beneficent miracles—including the resurrection of a dead child and stretching a wooden beam for his father—and two more episodes with teachers, before concluding with a retelling of Luke’s story of the twelve-year-old Jesus in the Temple. Infancy Thomas is most well-known in standard 19-chapter Greek A form of the text. But early translations—in Syriac, Ethiopic, Latin, Irish, and Georgian—reflect a less interpolated form of the text lacking chs. 1, 10, 17, and 18. The text is extant also in Slavonic (a translation from Greek A), and three other Greek forms: Greek S (lacking chs. 17 and 18 and generally closer in form to the early translations), Greek D (which prefaces the text with several stories of the Holy Family’s sojourn in Egypt; available also in a second Latin translation), and Greek B (an abbreviation of Greek D).

Named Historical Figures and Characters: Annas (scribe/high priest), James (the Righteous), Jesus Christ, Joseph (of Nazareth), Mary (Virgin), Thomas (apostle), Zacchaeus (rabbi), Zeno.

Geographical Locations: Bethlehem, Nazareth, Jerusalem, temple (Jerusalem).

2. RESOURCES

2.1 Use in Popular Culture

Rice, Ann. Christ the Lord: Out of Egypt. New York and Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. The first instalment of a planned trilogy on the life of Jesus follows the Holy Family’s return from Egypt to Nazareth. Several stories of the young Jesus in Egypt are drawn from Infancy Thomas 2-4, 6 and 14. Adapted into film as The Young Messiah (2016, dir. Cyrus Nowrasteh).

bullet-watchMcDonald, Martin, dir. Gospel of Thomas: The Adventures of Little Jesus. 2007. An animated video based on Infancy Thomas 9.

Young, Roger, dir. Jesus. 1999. Culver City, CA: Sony Pictures, 2010. The story of Jesus Animates the Birds (Infancy Thomas ch. 3) is evoked in a scene at 49:05–50:40.

2.2 Documentaries

Burns, Kevin, dir. Bible Secrets Revealed, Episode 4: The Real Jesus. 2013. New York: A & E Home Video, 2014. Segment: ?

bullet-watchJennings, Tom, dir. The Secret Lives of Jesus. Washington, DC: National Geographic Video, 2006. Segment: 13:12–24:17.

bullet-watchMadeja, Geoffrey, dir. Banned from the Bible. The History Channel, Episode 1, 2003. New York: A & E Home Video, 2008. Segment: 45:20–52:36.

Ballantyne, Hugh, dir. Finding Jesus: Faith, Fact, Forgery, Episode 4: The Secret Brother of Jesus. Atlanta, GA: Cable News Network, 2015. Segment: 5:25–6:52.

2.3 Web Sites and Other Online Resources

web-site-bulletEarly Christian Writings: Infancy Gospel of Thomas. Administrator: Peter Kirby (Features several English translations and a brief bibliography).

web-site-bulletInfancy Gospel of Thomas. Administrator: Tony Burke (Features Burke’s “Critical Translation” and English translations of several versions of the text).

Hartenstein, Judith. “Das Kindheitsevangelium des Thomas.” Deutschen Bibelwissenschaft. 2010 (introduction to the text).

Henry, Andrew Mark. “Infancy Gospel of Thomas.” Religion for Breakfast Podcast.

2.4 Art and Iconography

Holkham Bible Picture Book (London, British Library, Add. 47682; ca. 1327–1335): Described as “A biblical picture book with explanatory text of varying length, sometimes in rhyming couplets, in Anglo-Norman French, with some English.” The images related to infancy gospels include: f. 14r, St Joseph warned by an angel; the Flight into Egypt; robbers seize the Virgin Mary’s cloak and St Joseph’s tools. f. 14v, Miracles during the journey to Egypt (from the gospel of Pseudo-Matthew): the holy family pass by two men sowing corn; the miracle of the growing corn, with Herod’s soldiers interrogating the sower while the corn has already grown. f. 15r, Three further miracles during the Flight, from Pseudo-Matthew: the episodes of the bitter water, the bowing date-palm tree, and the falling idols. f. 15v, Five miracles of Christ’s infancy: the miraculous spring provides water for the Virgin Mary, the Christ child revives a boy who has fallen from a tower, while the father offers a vessel to Mary; Christ climbs a mountain of water; Christ seated on a sunbeam; Christ mends broken pots; f. 16r, Two further miracles from Christ’s childhood: children turned into pigs when they are hidden in an oven; Christ dyes cloth different colours.

St. Martin’s Church, Zillis, Switzerland: 12th cent. ceiling panel depicting the animation of the birds from Infancy Thomas ch.3. Discussion in Stephen J. Davis, Christ Child: Cultural Memories of a Young Jesus (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2014), 211–20, and depicted on the cover of the softcover edition of J. K. Elliott, The Apocryphal New Testament (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993).

Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, L 58 sup. (14th cent.): contains the Evangelica historia, an illustrated life of Christ drawn from canonical and noncanonical sources, including tales from the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew (taken over from the Infancy Gospel of Thomas) and other stories of Jesus’ childhood.

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, lat. 2688 (15th cent.): contains the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew with lavish illuminations. Some of these depict stories taken over from the Infancy Gospel of Thomas.

Schaffhausen, Stadtbibliothek, Gen. 8 (ca. 1340), contains the Klosterneuburger Evangelienwerk, a sprawling biography of Jesus in Middle-German incorporating canonical and non-canonical stories accompanied by illustrations. Twenty-one of these derive from the Infancy Gospel of Thomas and the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew. The manuscript is available online at e-codices.

The Tring Tiles (British Museum and Victoria and Albert Museum, London; ca. 1300 CE): feature images based on the stories from Ps.-Mt. and Infancy Thomas and other free-floating tales. The images on the tiles very closely resemble those in the manuscript Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS. Selden Supra 38 (fols. 1–36), which contains a version of Ps.-Mt. in French.

Clanchy, Michael. “An Icon of Literacy: The Depiction at Tuse of Jesus Going to School.” Pages 47–73 in Literacy in Medieval and Early Modern Scandinavian Culture. Edited by Pernille Hermann. Odense: University of Southern Denmark Press, 2005.

3. BIBLIOGRAPHY

3.1 Manuscripts and Editions

3.1.1 Arabic

3.1.1.1 Translation of the Syriac text into Arabic

Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, G 11 sup, fols. 145r–153v (date undetermined)

B  Cairo, Coptic Museum, 6539(D), fols. 188r–188v (date undetermined)

Čéplö, Slavomír. “Appendix: Arabic Infancy Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 229–43 in The Infancy Gospel of Thomas in the Syriac Tradition. Edited by Tony Burke. Gorgias Eastern Christian Studies 48. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2017 (edition of Inf. Gos. Thom. based on A and B).

Moraldi, Luigi. “Infanzia di Gesù: ms. arabo G 11 sup. della Biblioteca Ambrosiana.” Rendiconti: Istituto lombardo di sienze e lettere 127.1 (1993): 79–91.

Noja, Sergio. “L’Évangile arabe apocryphe de Thomas, de la ‘Biblioteca Ambrosiana’ de Milan (G 11 sup).” Pages 681–90 in Biblische und Judistische Studien: Festschrift für Paolo Sacchi. Edited by Angelo Vivian. Judentum und Umwelt 29. Paris: Peter Lang, 1990 (edition of A).

3.1.1.2 Excerpt of several stories into the Arabic Infancy Gospel (see entry)

3.1.1.3 As Book 4 of the Life of Mary (West Syriac) in Garšūnī (see entry)

3.1.1.4 Garšūnī Script

Mosul, Syrian Orthodox Archdiocese, 208, fols. 13v–17v (18th/19th cent.)

3.1.2 Church Slavic

St. Petersburg, Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A. I. Jacimirskij Cod. No. 15, fols. 177r–183v (1337–1355) (=de Santos Otero 5)

Belgrade, National Library of Serbia, P. S. Srećković, Cod. 637, fols. 108–125 (14th cent.) (=de Santos Otero 1)

X  Moscow, State Historical Museum, A. I. Chludov 162, fols. 200v–206r (14th cent.) (=de Santos Otero 8)

Zagreb, Archives of the Croatian Academy of Sciences, Fragm. glag. br. 99, fols. 1r–1v (15th cent.) (=de Santos Otero 13)

Sofia, SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library, 309 (68), fols. 56v–68v (late 16th cent.) (=de Santos Otero 12)

Moscow, Russian State Library, Cod. 1253 (16th cent.), fols. 52–61 (=de Santos Otero 10)

Prague, National Museum (=de Santos Otero 11; chs. 1–7 only translated from Latin)

Ukrainian

Kyiv, Institute of Literature of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, I. Franko Cod. No. 472, fols. 39–47 (1732) (=de Santos Otero 7)

Kyiv, Central Scientific Library of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Codex No. VIII 209 м/20, fols. 22–27 (18th cent.) (=de Santos Otero 4)

Kyiv, Central Scientific Library of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Codex No. Д. A. 901л, fols. 10r–22v (18th cent.) (=de Santos Otero 3)

Moscow, Russian State Library, Codex No. 1244 (162), fols. 12r–16v (18th cent.) (=de Santos Otero 9)

Kyiv, Institute of Literature of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, I. Franko Cod. No. 476, fols. 134–137 (18th cent.) (=de Santos Otero 6)

Kyiv, State University, Sbornik Vaski Kvasnikova, fols. 130–34 (18th cent.)

Kyiv, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Cod. no. 577 (olim 73) (18th cent.) (=de Santos Otero 2); related to B

L’viv, A. S. Petruszewicz Collection, Cod. 195 (similar to G).

Zhytomyr, Volynskoe Eparchialnoe Drevlechranilisce, M. G. Barskij donation (18th cent.) (=de Santos Otero 14)

Zhytomyr, Volynskoe Eparchialnoe Drevlechranilisce, O. A. Fotinskij donation (18th cent.) (=de Santos Otero 15)

Adrianova, V. P. “The Gospel of Thomas in Ancient Ukrainian Literature” (in Russian). Izvestija Otdelenija Russkogo Jazych i Slovesnosti Imp. Akagemii Nauk 14.2 (1909): 1–47 (editions of G, pp. 42–47, and B, pp. 29–42, and analysis of two now-lost MSS).

Archangel’skji, Aleksandr S. “K istorii južnoslavjanskoj i drevnerusskoj literatury: Dva ljubopytnych sbornika Sofijskoj Narodnoj biblioteki v Bolgarii.” lzvestija ORJAS 4 (1899): 101–47 (edition of L, pp. 103–10).

Lavrov, P. A. Apocrifičeski tksty . . . Saint Petersburg 1899 (edition of L, pp. 111–18).

de Santos Otero, Aurelio. Die handschriftliche Überlieferung der altslavischen Apokryphen. 2 vols. PTS 20 and 23. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1978 and 1981 (overview of manuscripts, vol. 2, pp. 49–54).

__________.  Das kirchenslavische Evangelium des Thomas. PTS 6. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1967 (features a retrotranslation of J into Greek).

Franko, Ivan. Apokrifi î legendy z ukraïnsǐkich rukopisiv. 5 vols. Lviv: Nakladom Naukovoho Tovaristva îmeni Ševčenka, 1896–1910 (editions of R, vol. 2, pp. 164–69; F, vol. 2, pp. 169–72; and I, vol. 2, pp. 159–63).

__________. “Iz starykh rukopysiv.” Zhytye i slovo 1. Lviv, 1894 (editions of  based on F, pp. 227–30; and I, pp. 223–27).

Grabar, Biserka. “Glagoljski odlomak Pseudo-Tomina Evandelja.” Slovo 18–19 (1969): 213–33 (edition of C).

Jacimirskij, A. I. From Slavic Manuscripts… (in Russian). Moscow, 1899 (edition of J, pp. 144–51).

__________. “Two Remarkable Carpatho-Russian Miscellanies of the 18th Century” (in Russian). University Tidings 50.1 (1910): 1–36; 50.2:65–95 (editions of G, pp. 69–73,  Petruszewicz Cod. 195, pp. 74–78; and K, pp. 79–82).

Novaković, Stojan. “The Apocrypha of a Serbian-Cyrillic Collection of the Fourteenth Century” (in Serbo-Croatian). Starin 8 (1876): 36–74 (edition of N, pp. 36–55; subsequently destroyed by fire).

Patera, A. Časopis Musea Kralovstvi Českeho, 1885 (edition of Prague fragment, pp. 114–26; 1889, 454–59).

Popov, Andrej N. An Description of Manuscripts and Catalogue of the Books of the Church Library of A. I. Xludov (in Russian). Moscow, 1872 (edition of X, pp. 320–25).

Rosén, Thomas. The Slavonic Translation of the Apocryphal Infancy Gospel of Thomas. AUUSSU 39. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1997 (edition of the Slavic text based on J and X, and an edition based on early modern manuscripts).

Speranskij, Michail N. “Slavic Apocryphal Gospels.” Pages 73–92 and 137–43 in vol. 2 of The Work of the Eighth Archaeological Conference in Moscow, 1890 (in Russian). Moscow, 1895 (edition with collation of Popov’s and Novaković’s manuscripts against S and R, pp. 140–43).

__________. South Russian Texts of the Apocryphal Gospel of Thomas (in Russian). Kyiv, 1899 (edition of Kyiv, Cod. No. 577, pp. 186–90).

Thomson, Francis J. Review of Aurelio de Santos Otero, Die handscriftliche Überlieferung der altslavischen Apokryphen, vol. 2. Slavonic and East European Review 63.1 [1985]: 73–98 at 78 (with corrections to de Santos Otero).

Vuković, Marijana. Survival and Success of an Apocryphal Childhood of Jesus: Reception of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas in the Middle Ages. Studies of the Bible and Its Reception 21. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2022 (reprint of Novaković’s edition of N [pp. 272–78]; diplomatic editions of X [pp. 279–84]; and J [pp. 284–88]).

3.1.3 Ethiopic

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, d’Abbadie 168, fol. 17v–21v (19th cent.)

Additional MSS listed in Arras and van Rompay 1975.

Arras, V. and Lucas van Rompay. “Les manuscrits éthiopiens des ‘Miracles de Jesus.’” AnBoll 93 (1975): 133–46.

Grébaut, Sylvain. “Les miracles de Jésus: Texte éthiopien publié et traduit.” PO 12.4 (1919): 555–652 (edition of the Ethiopic text based on three manuscripts with Bibliothèque nationale de France, d’Abbadie 168 as the base text; the Inf. Gos. Thom. material is the “Eighth Miracle,” pp. 625–42).

3.1.4 Georgian

Tbilisi, National Center of Manuscripts, Cod. A 95, pp. 568–572 (10th cent.)

Garitte, G. “Le fragment géorgien de l’Évangile de Thomas.” RHE 51 (1956): 511–20 (Latin translation of the Georgian text).

Kekeliże, Korneli. Monumenta hagiographica georgica: Keimena. 2 vols. Tbilisi: Sak’art’. Rk. Gz. sammart’velos tipo-lit., 1918–1946 (modern Georgian translation of Tblisi, Cod. A 95, vol. 1, pp. 115–17).

Melikset-Bek, Leon. “Fragment grusinskoi versii ‘Djetsiva Hrista’ (A Fragment of the Georgian Version of the ‘Infancy of Christ’).” Hristianskii Vostok 6.3 (1917–1920): 315–20 (Russian translation of Tblisi, Cod. A 95.)

Shanidze, A. “A Fragment of the Georgian Version of the Apocryphal ‘Gospel of Thomas’ and its Incomprehensible Passages” (in Russian). Stalinis sahelobis T‘ibilisis sah. Universititis Sromebi 18 (1941): 29–40 (definitive edition of the Georgian text).

3.1.5 Greek

Greek S

Jerusalem, Patriarchikē bibliothēkē, Hagios Saba 259, fols. 66r–72r (11th cent.)

Hamburg, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, P. Hamb. graec. 1011 ~ IMAGES; reportedly contains portions of ch. 2

Greek A (BHG 779p)

Dresden, Sächsische Landesbibliothek, A 187, part 1, pp. 523–530 (16th cent.)

Bologna, Biblioteca Universitaria, 2702, fols. 76v–87v (15th cent.)

Samos, Bibliothēkē tēs Mētropoleōs, MS gr. 54, fols. 9v–21r (15th/16th cent.) ~ Pinakes

Mount Athos, M. Megistes Lavras, Cod. Lavra Θ 222, fols. 20r–28r (15th cent.) ~ Pinakes

Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Phil. gr. 162 (144), fols. 180r–187v (before 1455) ~ missing

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, gr. 239, fols. 118v–119v (2908/2279) (1422/1423)

ma-bulletVienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. hist. gr. 91, fols. 199v–204r (14th/15th cent.)

Mount Athos, Monē Batopediou, 37, fols. 21v–28r (14th cent.) ~ Pinakes

Greek B (BHG 779pb)

Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, gr. 453, fols. 109r–113r (14th/15th cent.)

Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, gr. 532, fols. 39v–42r (15th/16th cent.)

Greek D (BHG 779n)

Athens, Ethnikē Bibliothēkē tēs Hellados, gr. 355, fols. 61r–68v (15th cent.) ~ Pinakes

Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. theol. gr. 123, fols. 192r–193v (13th cent.) ~ chs. 10–19 only; Pinakes

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Pal. gr. 364, fols. 163r–164r (15th cent.) ~ Egyptian Prologue and chs. 1–2 only

Aasgaard, Reidar. The Childhood of Jesus: Decoding the Apocryphal Infancy Gospel of Thomas. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2009 (edition of Greek S, pp. 219–32; with English translation, pp. 233–42).

Bonaccorsi, P. G. Vangeli apocrifi. Florence: Libreria Editrice Fiorentina, 1948 (edition and translation of Tischendorf’s Greek A, Greek B, and Second Latin texts with Italian translations, pp. 110–51).

Burke, Tony. De infantia Iesu euangelium Thomae graece. CCSA 17. Turnhout: Brepols, 2010 (new editions of Greek A, Greek B, and Greek D with newly published manuscripts and an additional recension: Greek S).

Cotelier, Jean Baptiste. SS. Patrum qui temporibus apostolicis floruerunt. 2 vols. 2nd ed. Antwerp: Huguetanorum sumtibus, 1698. First publication of Paris, BnF, anc. fonds, gr. 239; p. 345–46.

Delatte, Armand. “Évangile de l’enfance de Jacques: Manuscrit No. 355 de la Bibliothèque Nationale.” Pages 264–71 in Anecdota Atheniensia, Vol. 1, Textes grecs inédits relatifs à l’histoire des religions. Paris: Edouard Champion, 1927 (edition of manuscript A of the Greek D recension).

De Santos Otero, Aurelio. Los Evangelios Apócrifos. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Christianos, 19561, 19793 (editions and Spanish translations of Tischendorf’s Greek A, Greek B, and the Egyptian Prologue from Greek D and the Second Latin text, pp. 299–324).

Ehrman, Bart D. and Zlatko Pleše, The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2011 (edition of Tischendorf’s Greek A text and the Egyptian Prologue from Delatte’s Greek D text, pp. 3–29.

online-bulletFabricius, Johann Albert. Codex Apocryphus Novi Testamenti. 2 vols. Hamburg: Schiller, 1703 (republication of Cotelier’s Paris Ms and Lambeck’s readings of O, pp. 127–67).

Hock, Ronald F. The Infancy Gospels of James and Thomas. The Scholars Bible 2. Santa Rosa, CA: Polebridge Press, 1995 (edition and English translation primarily based on Tischendorf’s Greek A text with material supplied from Delatte’s Greek D text).

Lambeck, Peter. Commentariorum de augusta bibliotheca caesarea vindobenensi. 8 vols. Vienna: Typis M. Cosmerovii, 1665–1679 (the only witness to portions of the lost manuscript O, pp. 270–73).

Mingarelli, G. L. “De Apocrypho Thomae Evangelio…epistola.” Pages 73–155 in vol. 12 of Nuova Raccolta d’opuscoli scientifici e filologici. Edited by A. Calogiera. Venice, 1764 (first publication of the manuscript B).

Michel, Charles. “Évangile de Thomas.” Pages xxiii–xxxii and 161–89 in vol. 1 of Évangiles apocryphes. Edited by Charles Michel and Paul Peeters. Textes et documents pour l’étude historique du Christianisme 13. Paris: Librairie Alphonse Picard & Fils, 1911 (Greek text of Tischendorf’s Greek A text and French translation, pp. 161–69).

Schneider, Gerhard. Apokryphe Kindheitsevangelien. New York: Herder, 1995 (edition of Tischendorf’s Greek A text, pp. 148–71).

online-bulletThilo, Ioannis Caroli. Codex Apocryphus Novi Testamenti. Lipsius: Vogel, 1832 (edition based on B, D, O, and P; pp. 277–315).

Tischendorf, Constantin von, ed. Evangelia Apocrypha. Leipzig: Mendelssohn, 1853; 2nd ed. 1876 (edition of Greek A recension based on B, D, O, and P, p. 140–57; edition of Greek B recension based on S, pp. 158–63).

Tischendorf, Constantin. “Rechenschaft über meine handschriftlichen Studien auf meiner wissenschaftlichen Reise von 1840 bis 1844.” Pages 45–58 in vol. 114 of Jahrbücher der Literatur. Vienna: Carl Gerold Anzeigeblatt, 1846 (first publication of the Greek B manuscript S, pp. 51–53).

Vuković, Marijana. Survival and Success of an Apocryphal Childhood of Jesus: Reception of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas in the Middle Ages. Studies of the Bible and Its Reception 21. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2022 (diplomatic editions of H [pp. 256–61]; A [pp. 261–66]; and W [pp. 266–72]).

3.1.6 Old Irish

Dublin, National Library of Ireland, G 50, pp. 118–120 (17th cent.)

Carney, James “Two Old Irish Poems.” Eriu 18 (1958): 1–43 (editio princeps with English translation).

Carney, James. The Poems of Blathmac, Son of Cu Brettan: Together with the Irish Gospel of Thomas and a Poem on the Virgin Mary. Dublin: Educational Co. of Ireland, 1964 (re-publication of Carney’s 1958 edition with English translation, pp. 89–105).

Herbert, Máire and Martin McNamara. Irish Biblical Apocrypha. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1989 (English translation of Carney’s edition, pp. 44–47).

Herbert, Máire and Martin McNamara. “A Versified Narrative of the Childhood Deeds of the Lord Jesus.” Pages 443–83 in Apocrypha Hiberniae, t. 1: Evangelia infantiae, vol. 1. Edited by Martin McNamara et al. CCSA 13. Turnhout: Brepols, 2001 (new edition and translation of Carney’s manuscript).

3.1.7 Latin

3.1.7.1 First Latin Version

LV  Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 563, undertext fols. 132, 135, 137, 141, 142, 171, 176 (5th cent.)

LM  The pars altera of Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew based on Paris, Bibl. nat., lat. 1652 (15th cent.) and Vat. lat. 4578 (16th cent.); additional pars altera MSS listed in Gijsel 1997

Dijon, Bibliothèque municipale, 38 (20), fols. 9v–20r (13th cent.) ~ Patrimoine

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, lat. 1772, fols. 88v–90r (11th cent.)

Gijsel, Jan. Libri de Navitate Mariae. Vol. 1: Pseudo-Matthaei Evangelium Textus et Commentarius. CCSA 9. Turnhout: Brepols, 1997 (includes descriptions of Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew MSS containing Infancy Thomas).

Philippart, Guy. “Fragments palimpsestes latins du Vindobonensis 563 (Ve siècle?): Évangile selon S. Matthieu, Évangile de Nicodème, Évangile de l’Enfance selon Thomas.” AnBoll 90 (1972): 391–411 (edition of the First Latin text with newly observable readings).

Vuković, Marijana. Survival and Success of an Apocryphal Childhood of Jesus: Reception of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas in the Middle Ages. Studies of the Bible and Its Reception 21. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2022 (diplomatic editions of BNF lat. 1772 [pp. 241–43]; and the pars altera of Ps.-Mt. in Dijon 38 [pp. 243–50], and Cambridge, CCC 288 [pp. 250–56]).

Voicu, Sever J. “La tradition latine des Paidika.” Bulletin de l’AELAC 14 (2004): 13–21 (study and preliminary work on an edition of LM).

3.1.7.2 Second Latin Version (LT; BHL 4151n)

LTa  Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 4578, fols. 37v–44r (14th cent.)

LTd  Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, lat. 1652, fols. 22r–31r (15th cent.)

LTs  Berne, Burgerbibliothek, 271, fols. 41r–44r (16th cent.)

LTb  Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Gaddi 208, fols. 29r–57r (14th cent.)

Additional manuscripts:

Brno, Archiv mesta Brna, St. Jacob 98/121 (1423–1424)

Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, 288, fols. 78v–82r (12th/13th cent.) = Gijsel Q4a1

London, British Library, Harley 3199, fols. 109v–126v (14th cent.)

London, British Library, Royal 6 E 111, fols. 9r–15v (15th cent.) = Gijsel Q3b2 (combined with Ps.-Mt.)

Madrid, Biblioteca nacional, 9783, fols. 110v–115v (13–15th cent.) ~ composite text of Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew with portions of Nativity of Mary and Infancy Gospel of Thomas

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Rawlinson D 1236, fols. 37v–42v (14th cent.) = Gijsel A1e4

Oxford, Corpus Christi College, E 223, fols. 57r–72v (14th/15th cent.) = Gisjel Q4b3 (follows Ps.-Mt.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, lat. 6041A, fols. 127r–128r (15th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, 3014, fols. 23r–35v (13th/14th cent.) = Gijsel A3b9

Prague, Statni Knihovna, XIV.E.10, fols. 24–31 (14th cent.)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 6300, fols. 121v–127v (15th cent.)

Bonaccorsi, P. G. Vangeli apocrifi. Florence: Libreria Editrice Fiorentina, 1948 (edition and translation of Tischendorf’s Greek A, Greek B, and Second Latin texts with Italian translations, pp. 110–51).

de Santos Otero, Aurelio. Los Evangelios Apócrifos. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Christianos, 19561, 19793 (editions and Spanish translations of Tischendorf’s Greek A, Greek B, and the Egyptian Prologue from Greek D and the Second Latin text, pp. 299–324).

Sinner, Johann Rudolf. Catalogus Codicum MSS Bibliothecae Bernensis. 3 vols. Berne: ex officina typographica illustr. Republicae, 1760–1772 (first publication of the Second Latin text from Berne, Burgerbibl., 271, vol. 1, pp. 245–58).

Tischendorf, Constantin von, ed. Evangelia Apocrypha. Leipzig: Mendelssohn, 1853; 2nd ed. 1876 (edition of the Second Latin text based on Vat. lat. 4578, pp. 164–80; edition of the First Latin text from the Vienna palimpsest, Nationalbibl., lat. 563, pp. xliv–xlvi; edition of the First Latin text incorporated into the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, pp. 93–112).

3.1.8 Syriac

Syriac A

ma-bulletW  London, British Library, Add. 14484, fols. 14v–18v (6th cent.)

ma-bulletG Göttingen, Universitätsbibliothek, syr. 10 + Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, M26N + Sp. 78, fols. 1v–4v (5th/6th cent.)

ma-bulletP  Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. sir. 159, fol. 104r–106v (1622/1623)

ma-bulletM Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Syr. 105, fols. 27v–29v (1832/1833)

Mardin, Church of the Forty Martyrs, 101, pp. 151–54 (15th/16th cent.)

Q Mosul, Mar Behnam Monastery, Sony 20, fols. 26r-v, 6r–11v (15th/16th cent.)

S  Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, ar. 588, lower text fols. 52r, 52v, 62r, 62v, 66r, 66v, 67r, 67v (5th/6th cent.)

Unevaluated manuscripts:

Homs, Syriac Orthodox Archdiocese, 16, pp. 32–36 (20th cent.) ~ related to PMN (and perhaps Q)

Mardin, Church of the Forty Martyrs, 379, pp. 57–62 (20th cent.) ~ related to PMN (and perhaps Q)

Syriac W

See the manuscripts listed under Life of Mary (West Syriac)

Syriac E

See the manuscripts listed under History of the Virgin (East Syriac)

Baars, W. and J. Helderman. “Neue Materielen zum Text und zur Interpretation des Kindheitsevangeliums des Pseudo-Thomas.” OrChr 77 (1993): 191–226; 78 (1994): 1–32 (includes collation of Göttingen, Universitätsbibl., syr. 10).

Bensly, Robert L., J. Rendell Harris, and F. Crawford Burkitt, with an introduction by Agnes Smith Lewis. The Four Gospels in Syriac Transcribed from the Sinaitic Palimpsest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1894 (excerpt from Sinai ar. 588, pp. xviii–xix).

online-bulletBudge, E. A. Wallis. The History of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the History of the Likeness of Christ. 2 vols. London: Luzac & Co., 1899 (first publication of the East Syriac Life of Mary from two manuscripts, one of which [Leeds, University of Leeds, Syr. 1] contains much of Infancy Thomas; Budge includes also Wright’s manuscript in an appendix).

online-bulletBurke, Tony. “The Infancy Gospel of Thomas from an Unpublished Syriac Manuscript. Introduction, Text, Translation, and Notes.” Hugoye 16.2 (2013): 225–99 (edition of Vat. sir. 159 collated against previously published manuscripts and an additional manuscript: Mingana Syr. 105).

Burke, Tony. The Infancy Gospel of Thomas in the Syriac Tradition. Gorgias Eastern Christian Studies 48. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2017 (edition of Inf. Gos. Thom. based on all the manuscripts assigned sigla above).

Meyer, A. “Kindheitserzählung des Thomas.” Pages 93–102 in Neutestamentlichen Apokryphen. Edited by Edgar Hennecke. 2d ed. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1924 (includes partial translation of Göttingen, Universitätsbibl., syr. 10).

Peeters, Paul. “Introduction.” Pages i–lix in vol. 2 of Évangiles apocryphes. Edited by Charles Michel and Paul Peeters. Textes et documents pour l’étude historique du Christianisme 18. Paris: Librairie Alphonse Picard & Fils, 1914 (features partial French translation of Vat. sir. 159).

online-bulletWright, William. Contributions to the Apocryphal Literature of the New Testament. London: Williams & Norgate, 1865 (first publication of the manuscript London, Brit. Libr., Add. 14484, pp. 11–16 [Syriac numbering]; with English translation, pp. 6–11).

3.2. Concordances and Synopses

Elliott, J.K. A Synopsis of the Apocryphal Nativity and Infancy Narratives. NTTS 34. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006.

Fuchs, A. and F. Weißengruber. Konkordanz zum Thomasevangelium, Version A und B. SNTU 4. Freistadt: Plöchl, 1978.

Funk, Robert. New Gospel Parallels, Vol. 2, John and the Other Gospels. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985.

3.3 Modern Translations

3.3.1 English

Aasgaard, Reidar. The Childhood of Jesus: Decoding the Apocryphal Infancy Gospel of Thomas. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2009 (edition of Greek S, pp. 219–32; with English translation, pp. 233–42).

Cameron, Ron. The Other Gospels: Noncanonical Gospel Texts. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1982 (excerpt of Cullman’s 1963 translation of Tischendorf’s Greek A text, pp. 124–29).

online-bulletCowper, B. Harris. The Apocryphal Gospels and Other Documents Relating to the History of Christ. 4th ed. 1867. London: Frederic Norgate, 1874 (translations of Tischendorf’s Greek A, Greek B, and Second Latin texts, and Wright’s Syriac manuscript; p. 129–69, 448–56).

Cowper, B. Harris, trans. “The Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 253–60 in The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East, Vol. 14, The Great Rejected Books of the Biblical Apocrypha. Edited by Charles F. Horne. New York/London: Park, Austin & Lipscomb, Inc., 1917 (reprint of Cowper’s translation of Tischendorf’s Greek A text; pp. 253–60).

Davis, Stephen J. Christ Child: Cultural Memories of a Young Jesus. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2014 (translation of Greek S, pp. 199–204).

Elliott, J. K. The Apocryphal New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993 (translations of Tischendorf’s Greek A and Greek B texts, and the Egyptian Prologue of the Second Latin text, pp. 68–83).

online-bulletGiles, J. A. Codex Apocryphus Novi Testamenti: The Uncanonical Gospels and Other Writings. London: D. Nutt, 1852 (translation of Thilo’s Greek text; pp. 48–56).

online-bulletHone, William. The Apocryphal New Testament. 4th ed. 1820. Repr., Philadelphia, Gebbie & Co., 1890 (reprinting of Jeremiah Jones’s translation of Fabricius’s Greek text; pp. 60–62).

James, Montague Rhodes. The Apocryphal New Testament: Being the Apocryphal Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and Apocalypses. Oxford: Clarendon, 1924; corrected edition, 1953 (English translation of Tischendorf’s Greek A, B, and Latin texts with supplementary materials, pp. 49–70).

online-bulletJones, Jeremiah. A New and Full Method of Settling the Canonical Authority of the New Testament. 3 vols. 1726. Repr., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1827 (translation of Fabricius’s Greek text; vol. 2, pp. 187–91).

Orr, James. New Testament Apocryphal Writings. London: J. M. Dent & Co., 1903 (English translation of Tischendorf’s texts, pp. 21–31).

online-bulletWalker, A. Apocryphal Gospels, Acts and Revelations. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1873. Repr. as vol. 16 of The Ante-Nicene Christian Library. Edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson. 24 vols. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1867–1883 (translations of Tischendorf’s Greek A, Greek B, and Second Latin texts, pp. 78–99).

3.3.2 French

online-bulletBrunet, Pierre Gustav. Les évangiles apocryphes: Traduits et annotés d’après l’édition de J. C. Thilo. Paris: Franck, 1848 (translation of Thilo’s Greek text; pp. 139–54).

Grébaut, Sylvain. “Les miracles de Jésus: Texte éthiopien publié et traduit.” PO 12.4 (1919): 555–652 (edition of the Ethiopic text with French translation, pp. 625–42).

online-bulletMigne, Jacques-Paul. Dictionnaire des Apocryphes. 2 vols. 1856. Repr., Turnhout: Brepols, 1989, vol. 1, col. 1137–1156 (reprint of Brunet’s French translation of Thilo’s text, and a French translation of the Second Latin form).

Noja, Sergio. “À propos du texte arabe d’un évangile apocryphe de Thomas de la Ambrosiana de Milan.” Pages 335–41 in vol. 1 of YAD-NAMA: im memoria di Alessandro Bausani. Edited by Biancamana Scarcia Amoretti and Lucia Rostagno. 2 vols. Roma: Bardi Editore, 1991 (French translation of the Arabic text from Milan).

Voicu, Sever J. “Histoire de l’Enfance de Jésus.” Pages 191–204 in vol. 1 of Écrits apocryphes chrétiens. Edited by François Bovon and Pierre Geoltrain. Paris: Gallimard, 1997 (translation based primarily on the Syriac and Ethiopic texts)

online-bulletVoltaire (Simon Bigex.). Collection d’anciens Evangiles, ou monuments du premier siècle du christianisme, extraits de Fabricius, Grabius et autres savants. Amsterdam: M. M. Rey, 1769 (translation of Fabricius’s Greek text; pp. 101–106).

3.3.3 German

Bartholmä, J. G. Die Apogryphen (sic) des neuen Testamentes. Dinkelsbühl, 1832 (translation of Fabricius’s Greek text; pp. 52–54).

Borberg, Karl Friedrich. Bibliothek der neutestamentlichen Apokryphen, gesammelt, übersetzt, und erläutert. Stuttgart: Literatur-Comptoir, 1841 (translation of Fabricius’s Greek text; pp. 66–84).

Clemens, Richard. Die geheimgehaltenen oder sogenannten Apokryphen Evangelien. Stuttgart: J. Scheible, 1850 (translation of Thilo’s Greek text; pp. 59–88).

Cullmann, Oscar. “Kindheistevangelien.” Pages 272–311 in Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung, Bd. 1. Evangelien und Verwandtes. Edited by Edgar Hennecke and Wilhelm Schneemelcher. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1959. English translation: “Infancy Gospels.” Pages 363–417 in New Testament Apocrypha, Vol. 1, Gospels and Related Writings. Edited by Edgar Hennecke and Wilhelm Schneemelcher. Translated by R. McL. Wilson. 3rd ed. London: Luttersworth Press, 1963 (translation based promarily on Tischendorf’s Greek A text with supplementary materials).

Cullmann, Oscar. “Kindheistevangelien.” Pages 330–72 in Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung, Bd. 1. Evangelien und Verwandtes. Edited by Wilhelm Schneemelcher. 6th ed. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1990. English translation: “Infancy Gospels.” Pages 414–69 in New Testament Apocrypha, Vol. 1, Gospels and Related Writings. Edited by Wilhelm Schneemelcher. Translated by R. McL. Wilson. Rev. ed. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 1991 (translation based promarily on Tischendorf’s Greek A text with supplementary materials).

Kaiser, Ursula Ulrike. “Die Kindheitserzählung des Thomas.” Pages 930–59 in vol. 1 of Antike christliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung. 2 vols. AcA I/1-2. Edited by Christoph Markschies and Jens Schröter. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2012 (translation of Tischendorf’s Greek A text with portions in parallel from Greek D and the Wright’s Syriac text).

online-bulletMeyer, A. “Erzählung des Thomas.” Pages 63–67 in Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung. Edited by Edgar Hennecke. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1904 (translation of Tischendorf’s Greek A text with portions in parallel from the Second Latin form and Wright’s Syriac text).

Meyer, A. “Kindheitserzählung des Thomas.” Pages 93–102 in Neutestamentlichen Apokryphen. Edited by Edgar Hennecke. 2d ed. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1924 (translation of Tischendorf’s Greek A text with portions in parallel from the Second Latin form and Wright’s Syriac text and portions of the new Syriac manuscript G).

Michaelis, Wilhelm. Die Apocryphen Schriften zum Neuen Testament. 2d ed. Sammlung Dietrich 129. Bremen: Carl Schunemann, 1958 (19561) (German translation of Tischendorf’s Greek A text, pp. 96–111).

Schindler, Alfred. Apokryphen zum Alten und Neuen Testament. Manesse-Bibliothek der Weltliteratur. Zürich: Manesse, 1988 (reproduction of Cullman’s 1959 German translation of Tischendorf’s Greek A text, pp. 439–60).

3.3.4 Italian

Bonaccorsi, P. G. Vangeli apocrifi. Florence: Libreria Editrice Fiorentina, 1948 (editions and Italian translations of Tischendorf’s Greek A, Greek B, and Second Latin texts, pp. 110–51).

Craveri, Marcello. I Vangeli Apocrifi. Torino: Giulio Einardi, 1969 (translation of Tischendorf’s Greek A, Greek B, and Second Latin texts, pp. 29–61).

Erbetta, Mario. Gli apocrifi del Nuovo Testamento. 3 vols. Italy: Marietti, 1975–1981 (translations of Tischendorf’s Greek A, Greek B, and Second Latin texts, vol. 1.2, pp. 78–101).

Moraldi, Luigi. Apocrifi del Nuovo Testamento. 2 vols. Classici delle religioni, Sezione quarta, La religione cattolica 24. Turin: Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese, 1971 (translation of Tischendorf’s Greek A, Greek B, and Second Latin texts, and Garitte’s Latin translation of the Georgian text, vol. 1:241–79).

3.3.5 Norwegian

Thomassen, Einar and Halvor Moxnes, eds., Apokryfe evangelier. Verdens Hellige Skrifter. Oslo: De norske bokklubbene, 2001 (pp. 159–76).

3.3.6 Spanish

De Santos Otero, Aurelio. Los Evangelios Apócrifos. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Christianos, 19561, 19793 (editions and Spanish translations of Tischendorf’s Greek A, Greek B, and the Egyptian Prologue from Greek D and the Second Latin text, pp. 299–324).

3.3.7 Dutch

Bakels, H. Nieuw Testamentische Apocriefen. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Gedrukt ter drukkerij van de Wereldbibliothek, 1922–1923 (vol. 1, pp. 213–34).

3.3.8 Polish

Starowieysky, Marka. Apokryfy Nowego Testamentu, Vol 1, Ewangelie apokryficzne. 2 vols. Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, 1980 (translations of Tischendorf’s Greek A, Greek B, and Second Latin texts, pp. 254–76).

3.4 General Works

Aasgaard, Reidar. The Childhood of Jesus: Decoding the Apocryphal Infancy Gospel of Thomas. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2009.

__________. “Infancy Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 78–94 in Early New Testament Apocrypha. Edited by J. Christopher Edwards. Ancient Literature for New Testament Studies 9. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2022.

Abraha, T. and D. Assafa. “Apocryphal Gospels in the Ethiopic Tradition.” Pages 611–53 in Jesus in apokryphen Evangelienüberlieferungen. Edited by Jorg Frey and Jens Schröter. WUNT 2 254: Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2010 (pp. 629–33).

Amann, Émile. “Apocryphes du Nouveau Testament.” Pages 460–533 in vol. 1 of Dictionnaire de la Bible: Supplément. Edited by L. Pirot and A. Robert. Paris: Librairie Letouzey & Ané, 1928– (pp. 485–86).

Amann, Émile. “Évangiles apocryphes.” Pages 1624–40 in vol. 5.2 of Dictionnaire de théologie catholique. Edited by A. Vacant et al. 15 vols. Paris: Librairie Letouzey et Ané, 1903–1950.

Amsler, F. “Les Paidika Iesou, un nouveau témoin de la rencontre entre judaïsme et christianisme à Antioch au IVe siècle?” Pages 433–58 in Infancy Gospels. Stories and Identities. Edited by C. Clivaz, A. Dettwiler, L. Devillers, E. Norelli with B. Bertho. WUNT 281. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2011.

Arens, Fridericus Julius. De Evangeliorum apocryphorum in canonicis usu historico, critico, exegetico. Göttingen: Typis Dieterichianis, 1835 (p. 37).

Bagatti, Belarmino. “Nota sul Vangelo di Tommaso Israelita.” ED 29 (1976): 482–89 (pp. 484–87).

Bagatti, Belarmino and Florentino García. La Vida de Jesús en los Apócrifos del Nuevo Testamento. Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1978 (p. 487)

Bagley, A. “Jesus at School.” The Journal of Psychohistory 13 (1985): 13–31.

Bartsch, H.-W. “Kindheitsevangelien.” Columns 1294–95 in vol. 3 of Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart: Handwörterbuch für Theologie und Religionswissenschaft. Edited by Kurt Galling and Hans Freiherr von Campenhausen. 3d ed. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1959.

Bauer, Johannes Baptist. “Die Entstehung apokrypher Evangelien.” BiLi 38 (1964): 268–71.

Bauer, Walter. Das Leben Jesu im Zeitalter der neutestamentlichen Apokryphen. 2 vols. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1909 (vol. 1, pp. 52–55).

Betsworth, Sharon. Children in Early Christian Narratives. LNTS 521. London: Bloomsbury, 2015 (pp. 143–63).

Belser, Johannes Evangelist. Einleitung in das Neue Testament. Frieburg: Herder, 1905 (pp. 830–34).

Bigaré, Christian. “L’achèvement des Écritures.” Pages 181–211 in vol. 5 of Introduction à la Bible. Edited by Pierre Grelot and Christian Bigaré. 5 vols. Tournai: Desclée, 1977 (vol. 5, p. 195).

Bockmuehl, Markus. Ancient Apocryphal Gospels. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 2017 (pp. 72–80).

Bonwetsch, D. “Die christliche vornicänische Literatur in altslavischen Handschriften.” Pages 886–917 in vol. 1.2 of Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur. Edited by Adolf Harnack. 2 vols. 1893. Repr., Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1958 (p. 910).

Bovon, François. “Évangiles canoniques et évangiles apocryphes: La naissance et l’enfance de Jésus.” BFCL 58 (1980): 19–30.

Burke, Tony. “Completing the Gospel: The Infancy Gospel of Thomas as a Supplement to the Gospel of Luke.” Pages 102–19 in The Reception and Interpretation of the Bible in Late Antiquity. Proceedings of the Montréal Colloquium in Honour of Charles Kannengeiser, 11–13 October 2006. Edited by L. DiTommaso and L. Turcescu. The Bible in Ancient Christianity. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2008.

__________. “Depictions of Children in the Apocryphal Infancy Gospels.” SR 41 (2012): 388–400.

__________. “The Infancy Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 126–38 in The Non-Canonical Gospels. Edited by P. Foster. London: T & T Clark, 2008.

__________. “‘Social Viewing’ of Children in the Childhood Stories of Jesus.” Pages 29–43 in Children in Ancient Christianity. Edited by Cornelia B. Horn and Robert R. Phenix. Studies and Texts in Antiquity and Christianity, 58. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2009.

Burz-Tropper, V. “Jesus als Lehrer in apokryphen Evangelien.” Pages 719–35 in The Apocryphal Gospels within the Context of Early Christian Theology. Edited by Jens Schröter. Leuven/Paris/Walpole: Peeters, 2013.

Cecchelli, Carlo. Mater Christi: La Vita di Maria nella storia nella legenda nella commemorazione Liturgica. 3 vols. Rome: Fr. Ferrari, 1954 (vol. 3, pp. 351–62).

Chartrand-Burke, Tony. “Authorship and Identity in The Infancy Gospel of Thomas.” TJT 14.1 (1998): 27–43.

__________. “The Greek Manuscript Tradition of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas.” Apocrypha 14 (2004): 129–51.

Conrady, Ludwig. Die Quelle der kanonischen Kindheitsgeschichte Jesus: Ein wissenschaftlicher Versuch. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1900.

__________. “Das Thomasevangelium: Ein wissenschaftlicher kritischer Versuch.” ThStKr 76 (1903): 377–459.

online-bulletCotterill, J. M. Peregrinus Proteus: An Investigation into Certain Relations Subsisting Between De Morte Peregrini, the Two Epistles of Clement to the Corinthians, the Epistle to Diognetus, the Bibliotheca of Photius, and Other Writings. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1879.

Cousland, J. R. C. “Soundings in the Christology of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas: The Rewriting of Luke 2:41-52 in Paidika 17.” CBQ 81 (2019): 657–78.

__________. Holy Terror. Jesus in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas. LNTS 560. London and New York: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2018.

__________. “Deus Necans: Jesus in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 165–89 in Not Sparing the Child: Human Sacrifice in the Ancient World and Beyond. Studies in Honor of Professor Paul G. Mosca. Edited by D. Arbel et al. London/New York: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015.

Davis, Stephen J. “Bird Watching in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas. From Child’s Play to Rituals of Divine Discernment.” Pages 125–53 in Portraits of Jesus. Edited by S. E. Myers. WUNT 2 321. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2012.

__________. Christ Child: Cultural Memories of a Young Jesus. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2014.

De Beausobre, Isaac. Histoire critique de manichée et du manichéisme. Amsterdam: J. Frederic Bernard, 1734 (pp. 366–68).

De Jonge, J. “Sonship, Wisdom, Infancy: Luke 2:41–51a.” NTS 24 (1978): 317–54.

Desreumaux, Alain. “Les apocryphes syriaques sur Jésus et sa famille.” In Les apocryphes syriaques. Études syriaques 2. Edited by M. Debie, A. Desreumaux, C. Jullien, and F. Jullien, 51–69. Paris: Geuthner, 2005.

__________. Review of Gurupujakaumudi: Festgabe, zum 50jährigen Doktorjubiläum A. Weber dargebracht von seinem Freunden und Schülern. Theologische Literaturzeitung 17 (1896): 442–45.

__________. “Eine Sammelhandschrift des 16. Jahrhunderts: Dresden MS. A 187.” ByzZ 15 (1906): 243–74.

online-bulletDonehoo, James DeQuincey. The Apocryphal and Legendary Life of Christ. 1903. Repr., New York: Hodder & Stoughton, 1911.

Duensing, H. “Mitteilungen 58.” ThLZ 36 (1911): 637 (first mention of the Syriac G manuscript).

Dumville, D. N. “Biblical Apocrypha and the Early Irish: A Preliminary Investigation.” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 73C.8 (1973): 299–338 (p. 304).

Dzon, M. “Boys Will Be Boys: The Physiology of Childhood and the Apocryphal Christ Child in the later Middle Ages.” Viator 42 (2011): 179–226.

Eastman, Daniel. “Cursing in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas.” VC 69:2 (2015): 186–208.

Ellicott, Charles John. “Apocryphal Gospels.” Pages 153–208 in vol. 2 of Cambridge Essays. 4 vols. London: John W. Parker & Son, 1855–1858.

Elliott, J. K. The Apocryphal Jesus: Legends of the Early Church. Oxford University Press, 1996.

Enslin, Morton S. “Along Highways and Byways.” HTR 44 (1951): 67–92 (p. 83).

Erlemann, K. “Erweckung eines verunglückten Spielkameraden (Junge auf dem Dach) KThom 9.”  Pages 843–46 in  vol. 1 of Kompendium der früchristlichen Wundererzählung. Edited by R. Zimmermann et al. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlag, 2013.

Eysinga, G. A. van den Bergh van. Indische Einflüsse auf evangelische Erzählungen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1909 (pp. 81–84).

Felsch, D. “Spielender Schöpfer (Erschaffung der Spatzen) KThom 2 (arabK 36.46; Koran Sure 3,49).” Pages 827–31 in vol. 1 of Kompendium der früchristlichen Wundererzählung. Edited by R. Zimmermann et al. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlag, 2013.

Ferguson, Everret. “Gospel of Thomas (Infancy).” Page 478 in vol. 2 of Encyclopedia of Early Christianity. Edited by Everett Ferguson. 2 vols. 2d ed. New York, London: Garland Publishing, 1997.

Findlay, Adam F. Byways in Early Christian Literature. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1923 (pp. 171–78).

__________. “Gospels (Apocryphal).” Pages 671–85 in vol. 1 of A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels. Edited by J. Hastings. 2 vols. Edinburgh: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1906–1908 (pp. 680–83).

Foster, Paul. “The Education of Jesus in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas.” Pages 327–47 in Texts and Traditions. Essays in Honour of J. Keith Elliott. Edited by P. Doble and J. Kloha. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2014.

__________. The Apocryphal Gospels. A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009 (pp. 63–72).

Foster, R. J. “The Apocrypha of the Old and New Testaments.” Pages 109–14 in A New Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture. Edited by R. C. Fuller et al. London: Nelson, 1969 (p. 113).

Frilingos, Chris. Jesus, Mary, and Joseph: Family Trouble in the Infancy Gospels. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.

__________. “Parents Just Don’t Understand: Ambiguity in Stories about the Childhood of Jesus.” HTR 109 (2016): 33–55.

__________. “No Child Left Behind: Knowledge and Violence in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas.” JECS 17.1 (2009): 27–54.

__________. “‘It moves Me to Wonder’: Narrating Violence and Religion under the Roman Empire.” JAAR 77 (2009): 825–52.

Fromm, Hans and Klaus Grubmüller. Konrad von Fussesbrunnen, Die Kindheit Jesu, Kritische Ausgabe. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1973.

Gad, Tue. Legenden i dansk middelalder. Copenhagen: Dansk Videnskabs, 1961.

Geffcken, J. Christliche Apokryphen. RV 1, 15. Tübingen: H. Laupir, 1908 (pp. 19–21).

Georgi, Antonio Agostino. Alphabetum Thibetanum. 1762. Repr., Köln: Editiones Una Voce, 1987 (pp. 383–92).

Gero, Stephen. “Apocryphal Gospels: A Survey of Textual and Literary Problems.” Page 3969–96 in ANRW 25.2. Edited by H. Temporini and W. Haase. New York: De Gruyter, 1988 (pp. 3978–84).

__________. “The Infancy Gospel of Thomas: A Study of the Textual and Literary Problems.” NovT 13 (1971): 46–80.

__________. “The Ta’amra ’Iyasus: A Study of Textual and Source-Critical Problems.” Pages 165–70 in Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies. Edited by T. Beyene. Addis Ababa: Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University, 1988.

Grébaut, Sylvain. “Aperçu sur les miracles de N. S.” ROC (2ème série) 16 (1911): 255–65, 356–67.

Grohmann, Adolf. “Reste einer neuen Rezension der Kindheitsgeschichte Jesu in der Ta’amra ’Iyasus.” WZKM 28 (1914): 1–15.

Guerrier, Louis and Sylvain Grébaut. “Le Testament en Galilée de Notre-Seigneur Jésus-Christ.” PO 9 (1913): 141–236.

Haase, Felix. Literarische Untersuchungen zur orientalisch-apokryphen Evangelien-literatur. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1913 (pp. 47–48).

Hammer, Olav. Alternative Christs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.

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