Gospel of Jesus’ Wife

Evangelium uxoris Iesu

Standard abbreviation: GJW (also GosJesWife)

Other titles: the Jesus Wife Fragment

Clavis numbers: ECCA 343

VIAF: 308725552

Category: Modern Apocrypha

Related literature: Gospel of Thomas

Compiled by: Ian Phillip Brown, University of Regina ([email protected])

Citing this resource (using Chicago Manual of Style): Brown, Ian Phillip. “Gospel of Jesus’ Wife.” e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha. Accessed DAY MONTH YEAR. https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/gospel-of-jesus-wife/.

Originally posted February 2017. Most recent update August 2020.

1. SUMMARY

The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife is the name given to a ca. 4 cm by ca. 8 cm papyrus fragment written in Coptic, and consisting of eight fragmentary lines on the recto, and six extremely fragmentary lines on the verso. The recto contains the end of a saying that states that his (Jesus’) mother gave him life, as well as the saying that gives the fragment its name: after the disciples appear to dismiss Mary as not being worthy of something, Jesus responds “My wife . . . she is able to be my disciple.” The papyrus contains sections of three more lines before it breaks off. The verso is almost totally unreadable with only parts of six words visible. The discovery of the text was announced by Karen L. King at the Tenth International Congress of Coptic Studies in Rome, September 18, 2012. The title assigned to the text is provocative and the announcement was accompanied by co-ordinated articles in the New York Times, the Boston Globe, and the Smithsonian (the latter written by Ariel Sabar.) Since its publication one question has dominated all discussions of GJW: is it an ancient composition, or a modern forgery? The current consensus is that the text is a modern production, with many arguing that GJW was created by Walter Fritz, the man who presented the text to King and admitted to being its owner, but not its creator. Any discussion of the text needs to take this debate into account.

The e-Clavis entry for GJW is different from many of the other entries in this database because the content of the text is not nearly as interesting as the ways in which the text has been received. This is so for several reasons. First, upon King’s announcement, images and a transcription of GJW were released online along with King’s draft of an article on the text for Harvard Theological Review. Scholars and enthusiasts had instant access to the text and within hours of its release, dozens of bibliobloggers (and their readers) were giving their hot takes on the discovery (as one can see from a glance at the bibliography). In spite of having special issues of both the Harvard Theological Review and New Testament Studies devoted to GJW, a great deal of the discussions surrounding the text took place in online forums, in the comments section of blogs, and in popular media publications. The most significant contributions were those by Mark Goodacre (NTBlog; both through his own analyses and as a disseminator of news on the text), Alin Suciu, Hugo Lundhaug, and Stephen Emmel (all on Suciu’s eponymous blog), Andrew Bernhard and Francis Watson (on Mark Goodacre’s NTBlog), and Christian Askeland (on Evangelical Textual Criticism). These scholars and one journalist (Ariel Sabar), proved instrumental in shaping the current consensus around the text.

Second, because of the importance of, and difficulty in establishing the date of the fragment, Harvard employed scientists to perform micro-Raman spectroscopy tests on the ink, and Fourier transform infrared Microspectroscopy and accelerated mass spectrometry radiocarbon tests on the papyrus in order to establish the date of the papyrus and the chemical makeup of the ink. The tests dated the papyrus between the late seventh and mid ninth centuries CE, and concluded that the ink was chemically similar to the standard lamp black used in the first centuries CE (i.e., they did not find any traces of modern chemicals or contaminants). This marks one of the most thorough uses of chemical and carbon dating of a text to date, and resulted in the implementation of new systems of dating that does far less damage to the original text.

Third, while there were some notable exceptions, the arguments for and against the antiquity of GJW indicated a divide between conservative (and especially evangelical) voices who quickly declared it a modern forgery (such as Christian Askeland and several other contributors to the Evangelical Textual Criticism blog), and more liberal scholars who were more cautious and hoped scientific analysis would settle the issue (such as James McGrath, Malcolm Choat, and King herself).

Fourth, some of the arguments against the antiquity of GJW revealed that a deep and troubling sexism persists in Biblical Studies. This is most apparent in the discussion that arose from a blog post by Christian Askeland originally titled “Jesus Had an Ugly Sister-in-Law,” and comments pointing out the problematic nature of the title to Askeland. Eva Mroczek responded to this blog directly in a timely piece on sexism in the field (“‘Gospel of Jesus’ Wife’ Less Durable Than Sexism Surrounding It”), and Caroline T. Schroeder tackled the gendered dynamics of debates around GJW in her essay “Gender and the Academy Online: The Authentic Revelations of the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife.” Also noteworthy is a piece by Leo Depuydt (“Papryus Fragment”) made available on Goodacre’s NTBlog in which Depuydt responds to King’s own response to his HTR article by denigrating her as “a budding little grammarian,” accuses her of hubris, and finishes the piece with a patronizing flourish: “So, my little friend, sleep soundly and dream sweetly because there has been no ‘error of analysis.’” Depuydt also circulated an email to journalists and scholars accusing King of “academic misconduct” (see the discussion in Schroeder, “Gender and the Academy Online,” 319).

Finally, the story of GJW goes from strange to downright bizarre when Ariel Sabar, a journalist for The Atlantic managed to track down the owner of GJW, providing some of the stronger evidence that it is a modern composition. King’s HTR article (2014), Askeland’s two journal articles (2014 and 2015), Bernhard’s numerous essays (particularly 27 September 2012 and 11 October 2012), Mroczek (2014), Schroeder (2017), and Sabar (2016) are essential reading.

2. RESOURCES

2.1 Documentaries

Webb, Andy, dir. The Gospel of Jesus’s Wife. Smithsonian Channel, 2012.

2.2 Websites and Other Online Resources

Digital images, a transcription, a translation, and the results of scientific tests performed on the ink and papyrus are hosted on the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife web site by Harvard University.

Bernhard, Andrew. Gospel of Jesus’ Wife (Andrew Bernhard’s Internet Essays, 2012–2015). Updated 8 September 2015.

———. “The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: Summary of Coptic and English Evidence for Forgery.” Academia.edu. Pages 1–2. Posted 18 March 2017. Online: https://www.academia.edu/31775308/The_Gospel_of_Jesus_Wife_Summary_of_Coptic_and_English_Evidence_of_Forgery_March_8_2017_.

Goodacre, Mark. “The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife.” NT Blog (tag with links to over fifty posts about the text).

———. “NT Pod 87: What is the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife?” NT Pod (the first in a series of four podcasts on GJW; see also Pods 88–90).

Grondin, Michael. “A Question of Content: How I Saw the Internet Furor Over the Jesus’ Wife Fragment.” Gospel of Thomas Resource Center (posted 10 October 2012). (A chronological roundup of online and print articles with commentary).

———. “The Jesus’ Wife Fragment 2014.” Gospel of Thomas Resource Center (posted 23 April 2014).

———. “The Jesus’ Wife Fragment 2015.” Gospel of Thomas Resource Center (posted 30 June 2015).

———. “The Jesus’ Wife Fragment 2016: The End of a Hoax.” Gospel of Thomas Resource Center (posted 7 July 2016). No pages. Online: http://www.gospel-thomas.net/x_gjw4.htm.

———. “The Jesus’ Wife Fragment post-2016: Aftermath of a Hoax.” Gospel of Thomas Resource Center (posted 9 March 2017). No pages. Online: http://www.gospel-thomas.net/x_gjw5.htm.

“Gospel of Jesus’ Wife.” Wikipedia.

“The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife, interview with Simon Gathercole.” Youtube (posted 23 June 2015).

Henry, Andrew Mark. “Is the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife a Forgery?” Religion for Breakfast podcast (posted 8 March 2014).

3. BIBLIOGRAPHY

3.1 Manuscripts and Editions

3.1.1 Coptic

Cambridge Mass., Harvard Houghton Library, MS Coptic 11

Cambridge Mass., Harvard Houghton Library, MS Coptic 12 (undated) (Related manuscript of the Lycopolitan Gospel of John)

Bernhard, Andrew. “The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: Textual Evidence of Modern Forgery.” NTS 61.3 (2015): 335–55 (includes a new edition of the fragment with different readings from the editio princeps, pp. 340–42).

King, Karen L. “‘Jesus Said to Them, “My Wife . . .”’: A New Coptic Papyrus Fragment.” HTR 107.2 (2014): 131–59 (editio princeps).

3.2 Modern Translations

3.2.1 English

Translation from the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife web site by Harvard University.

3.3 General Works

Allen, Charlotte. “Jesus’ Wife? The final debunking.” Weekly Standard (posted 4 July 2016). No pages. Online: http://www.weeklystandard.com/jesus-wife/article/2002985.

Anonymous. “A New Gospel Revealed.” Harvard Magazine (18 September 2012). No pages. Online: http://harvardmagazine.com/2012/09/new-gospel.

Askeland, Christian. “More on the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife and Walter Fritz.” Evangelical Text Criticism (posted 16 June, 2016). No pages. Online: http://evangelicaltextualcriticism.blogspot.ca/2016/06/more-on-gospel-of-jesus-wife-and-walter.html

———. “The Gospel of Jesus Wife and Grondin’s Interlinear.” Evangelical Textual Criticism (posted 29 August 2015). No pages. Online: http://www.evangelicaltextualcriticism.blogspot.com/2015/08/the-gospel-of-jesus-wife-and-grondins.html.

———. “A Lycopolitan Forgery of John’s Gospel.” NTS 61.3 (2015): 314–34.

———. “A Fake Coptic John and Its Implications for the Gospel of Jesus’s Wife.” TynBul 65.1 (2014):  1–10.

———. “Jesus Had a Sister-in-Law.” Evangelical Textual Criticism (posted 24 April 2014, originally titled “Jesus Had an Ugly Sister-in-Law”). No pages. Online: http://evangelicaltextualcriticism.blogspot.de/2014/04/jesus-had-ugly-sister-in-law.html.

Azzarelli, Joseph M., John B. Goods, and Timothy M. Swager. “Study of Two Papyrus Fragments with Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy.” HTR 107.2 (2014): 165.

Baden, Joel, and Candida R. Moss. “New Clues Cast Doubt on ‘Gospel of Jesus’ Wife’.” CNN Belief Blog (posted 29 April 2014). No pages. Online: http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2014/04/29/new-evidence-casts-doubt-on-gospel-of-jesus-wife/.

———. “The Curious Case of Jesus’ Wife.” The Atlantic, December 2014, 80. Also online: http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/12/the-curious-case-of-jesuss-wife/382227/.

———. “Why Scientists and Scholars Can’t Get Their Facts Straight.” The Atlantic, September 10, 2015. http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/09/why-scientists-and-scholars-cant-get-their-facts-straight/404254/.

Barford, Paul. “The ‘Scribe with the Nubby Pen’ and the Jesus Bloodline.” Portable Antiquity Collecting and Heritage Issues (posted 19 September 2012). No pages. Online: http://paul-barford.blogspot.ca/2012/09/the-scribe-with-nubby-pen-and-jesus.html.

Bates, Stephen. “Did Jesus Christ Really Have a Wife?” The Guardian, 19 September 2012. No pages. Online: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/19/jesus-christ-really-have-wife.

Beasley, Jonathan. “Testing Indicates ‘Gospel of Jesus’s Wife’ Papyrus Fragment to Be Ancient.” The Gospel of Jesus’s Wife (posted 10 April 2014). No pages. Online: http://gospelofjesusswife.hds.harvard.edu/testing-indicates-gospel-jesuss-wife-papyrus-fragment-be-ancient.

Bennett, Bonnie K. “‘Gospel of Jesus’ Wife’ Researcher Says Frenzy Distracts from Larger Issues.” The Harvard Crimson (posted 11 November 2016). No Pages. Online: http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/11/11/papyrus-christianity-divinity-school/.

Bernhard, Andrew. “Postscript: A Final Note on the Origins of the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife.” NTS 63.2 (2017): 305–17.

———. “The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: A Call for Closure.” NT Blog (posted 24 August 2015). No pages. Online: http://ntweblog.blogspot.com/2015/08/the-gospel-of-jesus-wife-call-for.html.

———. “The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: ‘Patchwork’ Forgery in Coptic . . . and English.” NT Blog (posted 28 August 2015). No pages. Online: http://ntweblog.blogspot.com/2015/08/the-gospel-of-jesus-wife-patchwork.html.

———. “The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: ‘Patchwork’ Forgery in Coptic . . . and English (Recap).” NT Blog (posted 29 August 2015). No pages. Online: http://ntweblog.blogspot.ca/2015/08/the-gospel-of-jesus-wife-patchwork_29.html.

———. “The Forger and the ‘Translator’.” NT Blog (posted 5 September 2015). No Pages. Online: http://ntweblog.blogspot.ca/2015/09/the-forger-and-translator.html.

———. “The Gospel of John Papyrus Fragment: An Obvious Forgery.” Unpublished essay (posted 5 September 2015). Pages 1. Online: https://www.academia.edu/25937879/The_Gospel_of_John_Papyrus_Fragment_An_Obvious_Forgery_September_5_2015_.

———. “The End of the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife Forgery Debate.” NT Blog (posted 8 September 2015). No Pages. Online: http://ntweblog.blogspot.ca/2015/09/the-end-of-gospel-of-jesus-wife-forgery.html.

———. “Could the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife be a ‘Collage’ of words and phrases culled exclusively from the Coptic Gospel of Thomas?”. Unpublished essay (posted 24 September 2012). Pages 1-4. Online: https://www.academia.edu/25790675/Could_the_Gospel_of_Jesus_Wife_be_a_Collage_of_Words_and_Phrases_Culled_Exclusively_from_the_Coptic_Gospel_of_Thomas_September_24_2012_.

———. “Synopsis of the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife and the Coptic Gospel of Thomas.” Unpublished essay (posted 25 September 2012). Pages 1-2. Online: https://www.academia.edu/25790738/Synopsis_of_the_Gospel_of_Jesus_Wife_and_the_Coptic_Gospel_of_Thomas_September_25_2012_

———. “On the Possible Relationship between The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife and The Gospel of Thomas.” Unpublished essay (posted 26 September 2012). Pages 1-3. Online: https://www.academia.edu/25790841/On_the_Possible_Relationship_between_The_Gospel_of_Jesus_Wife_and_The_Gospel_of_Thomas_September_26_2012_

———. “Does Line 6 of The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife Reveal the Author’s Dependence on Grondin’s Interlinear Translation of The Gospel of Thomas?” Unpublished essay (posted 27 September 2012). Pages 1. Online: https://www.academia.edu/25790855/Does_Line_6_of_The_Gospel_of_Jesus_Wife_Reveal_the_Authors_Dependence_on_Grondins_Interlinear_Translation_of_The_Gospel_of_Thomas_September_27_2012_.

———. “How The Gospel of Jesus’s Wife Might Have Been Forged: A Tentative Proposal.” Gospels.net (posted 11 October 2012). Pages 1–15. Online: https://www.academia.edu/25790869/How_The_Gospel_of_Jesus_s_Wife_Might_Have_Been_Forged_A_Tentative_Proposal_October_11_2012_.

———. “Notes on The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife Forgery” Unpublished essay (posted 9 November 2012). Pages 1-11. Online: https://www.academia.edu/25790985/Notes_on_The_Gospel_of_Jesuss_Wife_Forgery_November_9_2012_.

———. “The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife Missing Evidence of Antiquity.” Unpublished essay (posted 25 April 2014). Pages 1-2. Online: https://www.academia.edu/25937694/The_Gospel_of_Jesuss_Wife_Missing_Evidence_of_Antiquity_April_25_2014_.

———. “The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife Internet Forgery.” Unpublished essay (posted 25 April 2014). Pages 1-2. Online: https://www.academia.edu/25937706/The_Gospel_of_Jesuss_Wife_Internet_Forgery_April_25_2014_.

———. “The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife Internet Forgery.” Unpublished essay (posted 25 April 2014). Pages 1. Online: https://www.academia.edu/25937720/The_Gospel_of_Jesuss_Wife_A_Key_to_the_Patchwork_Text_April_25_2014_.

Bond, Helen. “Helen Bond on Sexism and NT Scholarship.” The Jesus Blog (posted 10 December 2014). No pages. Online: http://historicaljesusresearch.blogspot.ca/2014/12/helen-bond-on-sexism-and-nt-scholarship.html.

Brown, Andrew. “Gospel of Jesus’s Wife is fake, claims expert.” The Guardian (posted 21 September 2012). Online: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/21/gospel-jesus-wife-forgery.

———. “The gospel of Jesus’s wife: a very modern fake.” The Guardian (posted 16 October 2012). No pages. Online: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/oct/16/gospel-jesus-wife-modern-fake-typo.

Brynner, Jeanna. “‘Gospel of Jesus’ Wife’ Faces Authenticity Tests.” Live Science (posted 19 October 2012). No pages. Online: http://www.livescience.com/24139-gospel-of-jesus-wife-faces-authenticity-tests.html.

Čéplö, Slavomír. “Tahime.” Bulbulistan (posted 30 September 2012). No pages. Online: http://blog.bulbul.sk/2012/09/tahime.html#more.

Choat, Malcolm. “The Gospel of Jesus’s Wife: A Preliminary Palaeographical Assessment.” HTR 107.2 (2014): 160–62.

———. “Lessons from the ‘Gospel of Jesus’ Wife’ Affair.” Markers of Authenticity. (Posted June 19, 2016). No pages. Online: https://markersofauthenticity.wordpress.com/2016/06/19/lessons-from-the-gospel-of-jesus-wife-affair/.

Depuydt, Leo. “The Alleged Gospel of Jesus’s Wife: Assessment and Evaluation of Authenticity.” HTR. 107.2 (2014): 172–89.

———. “The Papyrus Fragment and the Crocodile: When Discerning a Blunder Is Itself a…” NT Blog (posted 16 April 2014). Pages 1-4. Online: http://markgoodacre.org/Depuydt.pdf.

Emmel, Stephen. “The Codicology of the New Coptic (Lycopolitan) Gospel of John Fragment (and Its Relevance for Assessing the Genuineness of the Recently Published Coptic ‘Gospel of Jesus’ Wife’ Fragment) [2014].” Alin Suciu (posted 22 June 2014). Online: http://alinsuciu.com/2014/06/22/guest-post-stephen-emmel-the-codicology-of-the-new-coptic-lycopolitan-gospel-of-john-fragment-and-its-relevance-for-assessing-the-genuineness-of-the-recently-published-coptic-go-2/.

Farrior, Mary-Evelyn. “Divorcing Mrs. Jesus.” The College Hill Independent (posted 5 October 2012). Online: http://students.brown.edu/College_Hill_Independent/?p=7296.

Gathercole, Simon. “The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: Constructing a Context.” NTS 61.3 (2015): 292–313.

Goodacre, Mark. “The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife.” NT Blog (posted 19 September 2012). No pages. Online: http://ntweblog.blogspot.com/2012/09/the-gospel-of-jesus-wife.html.

———. “Jesus’ Wife, the Media and The Da Vinci Code.” Pages 341–48 in Fakes, Forgeries, and Fictions: Writing Ancient and Modern Apocrypha. Proceedings from the 2015 York University Christian Apocrypha Symposium. Edited by Tony Burke. Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2017.

Goodstein, Laurie. “Fresh Doubts Raised About Papyrus Scrap Known as ‘Gospel of Jesus’ Wife’.” The New York Times (4 May 2014) A17. Also online: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/05/us/fresh-doubts-raised-about-papyrus-scrap-known-as-gospel-of-jesuss-wife.html.

———. “Historian Says Piece of Papyrus Refers to Jesus’ Wife.” The New York Times (18 September 2012) A1. Also online: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/19/us/historian-says-piece-of-papyrus-refers-to-jesus-wife.html.

———. “Papyrus Referring to Jesus’ Wife Is More Likely Ancient Than Fake, Scientists Say.” The New York Times (10 April 2014) A12. Also online: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/10/science/scrap-of-papyrus-referring-to-jesus-wife-is-likely-to-be-ancient-scientists-say.html.

Gurry, Peter. “The Owner of the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife Unveiled.” Evangelical Textual Criticism (posted 16 June 2016). No Pages. Online: http://evangelicaltextualcriticism.blogspot.ca/2016/06/the-owner-of-gospel-of-jesus-wife.html.

Halton, Charles. “The ‘Gospel of Jesus’s Wife’ Saga.” Charles Halton (posted 26 September 2012). No pages. Online: charleshalton.com/?p=2211.

Hempton, David N. “Update: June 20, 2016” Gospel of Jesus’s Wife homepage (posted 20 June 2016). No Pages. Online: http://gospelofjesusswife.hds.harvard.edu/introduction.

Hodgins, Gregory. “Accelerated Mass Spectrometry Radiocarbon Determination of Papyrus Samples.” HTR 107.2 (2014): 166–69.

Jarus, Owen. “‘Gospel of Jesus’s Wife’: Doubts Raised About Ancient Text.” Live Science (posted 22 April 2014). No Pages. Online: http://www.livescience.com/45020-gospel-of-jesus-wife-questioned.html.

———. “‘Gospel of Jesus’s Wife’ Looks More and More Like a Fake.” Live Science (posted 2 May 2014). No Pages. Online: http://www.livescience.com/45328-gospel-of-jesus-wife-may-be-fake.html.

———. “Origins of ‘Gospel of Jesus’s Wife’ Begin to Emerge.” Live Science (posted 24 August 2015). No Pages. Online: http://www.livescience.com/51954-gospel-of-jesus-wife-origins.html

———. “Gospel of Jesus’s Wife Likely a Fake, Bizarre Backstory Suggests.” Live Science (posted 17 June 2016). No Pages. Online: http://www.livescience.com/55110-gospel-of-jesus-wife-a-fake.html.

Jones, Christopher. “The Jesus’ Wife Papyrus in the History of Forgery.” NTS 61.3 (2015): 368–78.

Kaplan, Michael. “How a note proving Jesus was ‘wed’ led to Harvard prof’s disgrace.” New York Post (posted 15 August 2020). Online: https://nypost.com/2020/08/15/how-a-mystery-note-proving-jesus-was-wed-led-to-harvard-profs-disgrace/.

Kim, David W. “Reconsidering the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: An Imperfect Forgery or Another Polemical Gnostic Fragment.” RelStTh 34.1 (2015): 19–40.

King, Karen L. “‘Jesus Said to Them, “My Wife…”’: A New Coptic Gospel Papyrus.” (September 20, 2012 Pre-Publication Draft).” Pages 1–52. Originally posted 20 September 2012. Available online at: http://www.gospel-thomas.net/King_JesusSaidToThem_draft_0917.pdf.

———. “The Place of the Gospel of Philip in the Context of Early Christian Claims about Jesus’ Marital Status.” NTS 59 (2013): 565–87.

———. “‘Jesus Said to Them, “My Wife . . .”’: A New Coptic Papyrus Fragment.” HTR 107.2 (2014): 131–59.

———. “Response to Leo Depuydt, ‘The Alleged Gospel of Jesus’s Wife: Assessment and Evaluation of Authenticity.’” HTR 107.2 (2014): 190–93.

Krutzsch, Myriam, and Ira Rabin, “Material Criteria and their Clues for Dating.” NTS 61.3 (2015): 356–67.

Lawson, Scott. “ Jesus’ wife evidence led to Venice.”  North Port Sun (posted 24 June 2016). No pages. Online: http://yoursun.com/sunnews/venice/venicenews/11187325-696/story.html.csp.

Le Donne, Anthony. “The Jesus Blog: Interview with Caroline T. Schroeder Re: Jesus’ Wife Fragment.” The Jesus Blog (posted 25 April 2014). No Pages. Online: http://historicaljesusresearch.blogspot.ca/2014/04/interview-withcaroline-t-schroeder-re.html.

———. The Wife of Jesus: Ancient Texts and Modern Scandals. London: Oneworld Publications, 2013.

———. “Jesus’ Wife: What Did We Learn?” The Jesus Blog (posted 28 June 2016). No pages. Online: http://historicaljesusresearch.blogspot.ca/2016/06/jesus-wife-what-did-we-learn.html.

Lied, Liv Ingeborg. “Media Dynamics and Academic Knowledge Production: Tracing the Role of the Media in the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife Saga.” Paper presented at “Fragments of an Unbelievable Past? Constructions of Provenance, Narratives of Forgery.” Kristiansand, Norway. September 14-16, 2016. Pages 1-16. Online: https://www.academia.edu/28624547/Media_Dynamics_and_Academic_Knowledge_Production_Tracing_the_Role_of_the_Media_in_the_Gospel_of_Jesuss_Wife_Saga.

Mazza, Roberta. “The dark side of truth. Some thoughts on Ariel Sabar new book.” Faces & Voices (posted 14 August 2020). No pages. https://facesandvoices.wordpress.com/2020/08/14/the-dark-side-of-truth-some-thoughts-on-ariel-sabar-new-book/.

———. “Provenance Issues: Some Thoughts – Part 1.” Faces & Voices (posted 6 December 2014). No pages. Online: https://facesandvoices.wordpress.com/2014/12/06/provenance-issuessome-thoughts-part-1/.

———. “Papyri, private collectors and academics: why the wife of Jesus and Sappho matter.” Faces and Voices (posted 17 April 2014). No pages. Online: https://facesandvoices.wordpress.com/2014/04/17/papyri-private-collectors-and-academics-why-the-wife-of-jesus-and-sappho-matter/.

———. “The Jesus’s Wife Fragment: End of Story?” Faces and Voices (posted 17 June 2016). No pages. Online: https://facesandvoices.wordpress.com/2016/06/17/the-jesus-wife-fragment-end-of-story/.

McGrath, James F. “Is the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife a Fake?” Exploring Our Matrix (posted 21 September 2012). No pages. Online: http://www.patheos.com/blogs/exploringourmatrix/2012/09/is-the-gospel-of-jesus-wife-a-fake.html.

———. “Slow Scholarship: Do Bloggers Rush in Where Jesus’ Wife Would Fear To Tread?” Pages 326–340 in Fakes, Forgeries, and Fictions: Writing Ancient and Modern Apocrypha. Proceedings from the 2015 York University Christian Apocrypha Symposium. Edited by Tony Burke. Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2017.

Meadows, David. “Returning to the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: Reflections and Implications (I).” Rogue Classicism (posted 24 June 2016). No pages. Online: https://rogueclassicism.com/2016/06/24/returning-to-the-gospel-of-jesus-wife-reflections-and-implications-i/.

Miller, Eric C. “Debunking the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: An Interview with Ariel Sabar.” Religion & Politics (posted 26 January 2021). Online: https://religionandpolitics.org/2021/01/26/debunking-the-gospel-of-jesus-wife-an-interview-with-ariel-sabar/.

Moss, Candida. “How a Star Harvard Professor Got Suckered by ‘Jesus’ Wife.’” The Daily Beast (posted August 10, updated August 13, 2020). Online: https://www.thedailybeast.com/anti-catholic-porn-producer-scammed-harvard-professor-with-gospel-of-jesus-wife.

———. “The ‘Gospel of Jesus’s Wife’ is Still as Big a Mystery as Ever.” The Daily Beast (posted 13 April 2014). No pages. Online: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/13/the-gospel-of-jesus-s-wife-is-still-as-big-as-mystery-as-ever.html.

Mroczek, Eva. “‘Gospel of Jesus’ Wife’ Less Durable Than Sexism Surrounding It.” Religion Dispatches (posted 6 May 2014). No pages. Online: http://religiondispatches.org/gospel-of-jesus-wife-less-durable-than-sexism-surrounding-it/.

Nongbri, Brent. “Ariel Sabar’s Veritas: Some First Reactions.” Variant Readings (posted August 10, 2020). Online: https://brentnongbri.com/2020/08/11/a-new-home-for-the-gospel-of-jesus-wife/.

O’Leary, Naomi. “‘Gospel of Jesus’ wife’ fragment is a fake, Vatican says.” Reuters (posted 28 September 2012). No pages. Online: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-religion-jesuswife-idUSBRE88R0NT20120928.

Paananen, Timo S. “Another ‘Fake’ Or Just a Problem of Method? What Francis Watson’s Analysis Does to Papyrus Köln 255.” Exploring Our Matrix (posted 27 September 2012). Online: http://www.patheos.com/blogs/exploringourmatrix/2012/09/timo-s-paananen-on-methods-of-forgery-detection-and-the-gospel-of-jesus-wife.html.

Pattengale, Jerry. “How the ‘Jesus’ Wife’ Hoax Fell Apart.” Wall Street Journal (posted 1 May 2014). No pages. Online: http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304178104579535540828090438.

Pettipiece, Timothy. “Publicity or perish: the sad finale of the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife saga.” Thoughts of Future Pasts (posted 17 June 2016). No pages. Online: http://thoughtsoffuturepasts.blogspot.ca/2016/06/publicity-or-perish-sad-finale-of_17.html.

Prothero, Stephen. “My Take: I don’t know if Jesus was married and I don’t care.” CNN Belief Blog (posted 21 September 2012). No pages. Online: http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/21/my-take-i-dont-know-if-jesus-was-married-and-i-dont-care/.

Robinson, Gesine Schenke. “How a Papyrus Fragment Became a Sensation.” NTS 61.3 (2015): 379–94.

Robinson, Gesine Schenke and Charles Halton. “Gesine Robinson on the ‘Jesus Wife’ Fragment.” Charles Halton (posted 26 September 2012). No pages. Online: http://awilum.com/?p=2216.

Rodriguez, Raphael. “The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife.” Verily Verily (posted 20 September 2012). No pages. Online: http://thinkinginpublic.blogspot.com/2012/09/the-gospel-of-jesus-wife.html.

———. “A Verdicts is In.” Verily Verily (posted 21 September 2012). No pages. Online: http://thinkinginpublic.blogspot.com/2012/09/a-verdict-is-in.html.

Sabar, Ariel. Veritas: A Harvard Professor, a Con Man and the Gospel of Jesus’s Wife. New York City: Doubleday, 2020.

———. “The Inside Story of a Controversial New Text About Jesus.” Smithsonian (posted 17 September 2012). No pages. Online: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-inside-story-of-a-controversial-new-text-about-jesus-41078791/. Later published as “The Gospel According to King.” Smithsonian Magazine (Nov. 2012: 74–83).

———. “The Unbelievable Tale of Jesus’s Wife.” The Atlantic (posted 15 June 2016). No Pages. Online: http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/07/the-unbelievable-tale-of-jesus-wife/485573/.

———. “Karen King Responds to ‘The Unbelievable Tale of Jesus’s Wife.’” The Atlantic (posted 16 June 2016). No Pages. Online: http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/06/karen-king-responds-to-the-unbelievable-tale-of-jesus-wife/487484/.

Schroeder, Caroline T. “Provenance provenance provenance.” Early Christian Monasticism in the Digital Age (posted 16 June 2016). No pages. Online: http://earlymonasticism.org/2016/06/16/provenance-provenance-provenance/.

———. “More on Social Networks and Provenance.” Early Christian Monasticism in the Digital Age (posted 16 June 2016). No pages. Online: http://earlymonasticism.org/2016/06/16/social-networks/.

———. “On Institutional Responsibility and on Gender: Final thoughts on the Gospel of Jesus Wife.” Early Christian Monasticism in the Digital Age (posted 23 June 2016). No pages. Online: http://earlymonasticism.org/2016/06/23/on-institutional-responsibilities-and-on-gender-final-thoughts-on-the-g-of-jesus-wife/.

———. “Gender and the Academy Online: The Authentic Revelations of the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife.” Pages 304–325 in Fakes, Forgeries, and Fictions: Writing Ancient and Modern Apocrypha. Proceedings from the 2015 York University Christian Apocrypha Symposium. Edited by Tony Burke. Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2017.

Schwender, Gregg W. “The ‘Gospel of Jesus’ Wife’ as a Questioned Document: What Would Simulated Ancient Writing Look Like?” Pages 1–13. Posted 24 April 2014. Online: https://www.academia.edu/6860965/THE_GOSPEL_OF_JESUS_WIFE_AS_A_QUESTIONED_DOCUMENT_What_Would_Simulated_Ancient_Writing_look_like.

__________. “Rho in GJW.” No pages. No date. Online: https://www.academia.edu/6861008/Rho_in_GJW.

__________. “Chart comparing the letter forms in GJW and the Simulated GJohn.” No pages. No date. Online: https://www.academia.edu/6893096/Chart_comparing_the_letter_forms_in_GJW_and_the_Simulated_GJohn.

Spittler, Janet E. “Responses to Mark Goodacre, James McGrath, and Caroline Schroeder on the Gospel of Jesus’ Wife.” Pages 349–73 in Fakes, Forgeries, and Fictions: Writing Ancient and Modern Apocrypha. Proceedings from the 2015 York University Christian Apocrypha Symposium. Edited by Tony Burke. Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2017.

Suciu, Alin, and Hugo Lundhaug. “On the So-Called Gospel of Jesus’s Wife. Some Preliminary Thoughts by Hugo Lundhaug and Alin Suciu.” Alin Suciu (posted 26 September 2012). No pages. Online: http://alinsuciu.com/2012/09/26/on-the-so-called-gospel-of-jesuss-wife-some-preliminary-thoughts-by-hugo-lundhaug-and-alin-suciu/.

Tuross, Noreen. “Accelerated Mass Spectrometry Radiocarbon Determination of Papyrus Samples.” HTR 107.2 (2014): 170–71.

Verenna, Thomas. “Two Days Later: Another Evaluation of the ‘Jesus Wife’ Papyrus.” The Musings of Thomas Verenna (posted 20 September 2012). No pages. Online: https://tomverenna.wordpress.com/2012/09/20/two-days-later-another-evaluation-of-the-jesus-wife-papyrus/.

———. “The ‘Wife of Jesus’ Fragment a Day Later: Some Concerns About Authenticity.” The Musings of Thomas Verenna (posted 19 September 2012). No pages. Online: https://tomverenna.wordpress.com/2012/09/19/the-wife-of-jesus-fragment-a-day-later-some-concerns-about-authenticity/.

Wangsness, Lisa. “Historian’s Finding Hints That Jesus was Married.” Boston Globe (posted 18 September 2012). No pages. Online: http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2012/09/18/harvard-professor-identifies-scrap-papyrus-suggesting-some-early-christians-believed-jesus-was-married/VzqcRBAfiDRVFL9nWt4iTN/story.html.

———. “Is ‘The Gospel of Jesus’s Wife’ a revelation or a hoax?” Boston Globe (posted 29 November 2015). No Pages. Online: https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/11/28/the-case-gospel-jesus-wife-still-isn-closed/gJo7KfDFywXEJ8dLFFjdrK/story.html.

———. “‘Jesus’s wife papyrus likely a fake, scholar says.” Boston Globe (posted 18 June 2016). No Pages. Online: http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/06/karen-king-responds-to-the-unbelievable-tale-of-jesus-wife/487484/.

———. “Harvard Theological Review won’t retract ‘Jesus’s Wife’ paper.” Boston Globe (posted 21 June 2016). No Pages. Online: https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/06/20/harvard-theological-review-says-won-retract-gospel-jesus-wife-paper/6sSUniCZbOxBbnAgt2vO0O/story.html.

Watson, Francis. “The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: How a fake Gospel-Fragment was composed.” NT Blog (posted 26 September 2012). Pages 1–8. Online: http://markgoodacre.org/Watson.pdf.

———. “The Gospel of Jesus’ Wife: How a fake Gospel-Fragment was composed: Introduction and Summary.” NT Blog (posted 27 September 2012). Pages 1–4. Online: http://markgoodacre.org/Watson2.pdf.

Weiss-Meyer, Amy. “What Ever Happened to the Gospel of Jesuss Wife?” The Atlantic (posted 11 August 2020). Online: https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2020/08/ariel-sabar-what-happened-to-the-gospel-of-jesus-wife/615160/.

West, Jim. “No, People, a 4th Century Scrap Doesn’t Prove Jesus Had a Wife.” Zwingli Redivivus (posted 18 September 2012). No pages. Online: https://zwingliusredivivus.wordpress.com/2012/09/18/no-people-a-4th-century-scrap-doesnt-prove-jesus-had-a-wife/.

———. “And Now The Motive For the Announcement of the ‘Jesus’ Wife’ Fragment May Be Coming to Light.” Zwingli Redivivus (posted 19 September 2012). No pages. Online: https://zwingliusredivivus.wordpress.com/2012/09/19/and-now-the-motive-for-the-announcement-of-the-jesus-wife-fragment-may-be-coming-to-light/.

Yardley, James T., and Alexis Hagadorn. “Characterization of the Chemical Nature of the Black Ink in the Manuscript of The Gospel of Jesus’s Wife through Micro-Raman Spectroscopy.” HTR 107.2 (2014): 162–64.

Zeichmann, Christopher B. “Gender in Biblical Studies after the Forgery of The Gospel of Jesus’s Wife.” Biblical Interpretation 26 (2018): 391–412.