Agrapha Iesu
Clavis numbers: ECCA 508; CANT 18
VIAF: 194796092
Category: Agrapha and Fragments
Related literature: Agrapha of Paul, Gospel of Matthias
Compiled by Luigi Walt, University of Regensburg ([email protected]).
Citing this resource (using Chicago Manual of Style): Walt, Luigi. “Agrapha of Jesus.” e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha. Accessed DAY MONTH YEAR. https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/agrapha-of-jesus/.
Created April 2020.
1. SUMMARY
The term “agrapha” (from Gr. agraphon, plur. agrapha, “unwritten / unrecorded things”) refers to a heterogeneous set of sayings attributed to Jesus outside the critical or mainstream text of the canonical gospels. However, starting from the simple fact that these sayings have actually been written down and are thereby attested in written sources, scholars have become increasingly aware of the ambiguous character of this label. Its technical use—which is assumed to have been introduced into biblical studies by the German theologian Johann Gottfried Körner (1726–1785)—is now commonly reserved for the identification of sayings allegedly spoken by the earthly Jesus (i.e., not attributed to the risen or heavenly Jesus, nor to the pre-existing Christ) and transmitted in isolated form (thus excluding long dialogues or speeches as well as narrative material). Much less common, instead, is the use of the term to designate “ghost verses” or quasi-scriptural quotations that do not find any exact correspondence in any form of the biblical text (we can also have isolated sayings attributed to author, e.g. the apostle Paul, or a biblical character, e.g. John the Baptist).
As for the special case of Jesus agrapha, they can be found in a variety of ancient sources. Depending on different criteria of identification and classification, collections of agrapha may thus include isolated sayings coming from:
(a) New Testament writings other than the gospels (including, e.g., the saying of Jesus reported in Acts 20:35; or Jesus quotations in the letters of Paul);
(b) variant readings in the manuscripts of the canonical gospels (usually including: Matt 20:28 in Codex D; Mark 9:49 in Codex D and others; Mark 16:14 in Codex W; Mark 16:15–18 in later Greek manuscripts; Luke 6:4 in Codex D; Luke 9:55b, 56a in Κ Γ Θ and other manuscripts; Luke 22:27–28 in Codex D; John 8:7, 10–11 in Codex D and later Greek manuscripts);
(c) early Christian writings like the Didache, 2 Clement, or the Epistle of Barnabas, as well as later narrative, liturgical, or church-order material (such as the apocryphal acts of the apostles, the Pseudo-Clementines, or the Syriac Liber Graduum);
(d) works by ancient Christian authors, such as Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, or Clement of Alexandria (just to mention a few);
(e) gospels or gospel-like texts preserved in papyrus fragments;
(f) texts labelled as “gnostic”;
(g) Manichean, Rabbinic, or Islamic sources.
Exclusion of (a) and (b) logically leads to collections of extracanonical sayings of Jesus. As for the choice to exclude material coming from (e), (f) and (g), this finds its rationale basically in the need not to overlap with other scholarly classifications. In the case of (e), it has also been observed that gospel texts that have come to us only in fragments, precisely because of their extant form, cannot be reduced to mere collections of isolated sayings of Jesus and often deserve to be studied as independent sources.
Some of the sayings which are commonly labelled as Jesus agrapha appear to have been quite popular in antiquity. For example, the sentence “Be skilful money-changers,” which Origen records as a dominical commandment (Comm. Jo. 19.7.2), can be found in about 70 further quotations or allusions, with or without an explicit attribution to Jesus. This also explains why scholars today tend to reassess the historical importance of the agrapha regardless of their presumed degree of authenticity or inauthenticity. Although their contribution to the study of the historical Jesus has been generally recognized as minimal, the agrapha can allow us to complicate and broaden our picture of the early Jesus tradition, as well as help us reconstruct the many ways in which Jesus’ sayings have been recorded, transmitted, and interpreted throughout the centuries. What should be clear from the outset, however, is that the very identification of what may or may not be regarded as an “agraphon” is the result of a scholarly act of reconstruction, whose theoretical and methodological presuppositions can never be taken for granted or left unquestioned.
To underline and make even clearer the ambiguous and elusive character of the category “agrapha,” two different sets of resources are offered below (§ 3).
The first comprises old or outdated collections of agrapha. Apart from a few idiosyncratic lists which are found within the works of early modern antiquarians, most of these collections date back to a period between the first appearance of the very term “agrapha,” in J.G. Körner’s dissertation De sermonibus Christi ἀγράφοις (“About the Unwritten Words of Christ,” 1776), and the publication of Joachim Jeremias’s influential monograph Unbekannte Jesusworte (“Unknown Sayings of Jesus,” 1st ed. 1948). This is in fact the time span we might indicate for a first phase in the history of research, dominated by the quest for the “unwritten gospel” of Jesus or the urge to recover the oral Urevangelium which was supposed to lay behind the text of the canonical gospels. Another concern shared by most of these collections is the need to distinguish materials on the ground of their possible degree of historical reliability, with scholars oscillating between maximalist and minimalist positions (the former exemplified by the monumental work of Alfred Resch, the latter by the critical stance taken by scholars such as James Hardy Ropes, Léon Vaganay, and Joachim Jeremias).
A second list of resources (§ 3.2) aims to offer a quick overview of some of the most representative collections of agrapha that are currently available in English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish. Most of these collections depend on what we can recognize as an entirely new phase in the history of research about the agrapha, marked by a real paradigm shift in the scholarly attitude towards the historical value of extracanonical sources and the so-called apocryphal traditions. Here we can identify at least three major trends. The first is represented by collections such as those provided by William D. Stroker in English (1989), where the term “agrapha,” perceived as misleading, is replaced by the more supposedly neutral label of “extracanonical sayings.” The choice is not without methodological difficulties, however: for one thing, it does not help to overcome the problematic and implicitly biased distinction between canonical and non-canonical sources; on the other hand, it also obliges us to maintain a sharp artificial distinction between a corpus of sayings that can include canonical or para-canonical materials and all other sayings that can be found within New Testament writings of a non-gospel kind. As a second trend, we find the work of scholars who still prefer to speak of agrapha in the narrower sense of the term, thus referring to any textual fragment that claims to have a scriptural value (see, e.g., the criteria that led Daniel A. Bertrand to compile his own selection of agrapha in French). A third option leaves open the question of determining what the agrapha actually are, and suggests focusing on the re-construction of the different trajectories of transmission of Jesus’ sayings. Thus we can have inventories of Jesus’ sayings that do not start from any a priori distinction between canonical and non-canonical sources, along the lines followed by scholars such as John Dominic Crossan in the US (1986) or Mauro Pesce in Italy (2004), albeit with very different assumptions and results.
2. RESOURCES
2.1 Web Sites and Other Online Resources
“Agrapha.” Wikipedia.
Maas, Anthony J. “Agrapha.” The Catholic Encyclopedia Online (or. 1907).
Pincherle, Alberto. “Agrapha.” Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani (or. 1929).
Smith, Ben C. (ed.). “The Agrapha: Floating Dominical Sayings Not Preserved in the Gospels.” Text Excavation.
Taylor Smith, William. “Agrapha.” International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online (or. 1939).
Walt, Luigi. “Agrapha.” WiBiLex: Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet. Forthcoming 2020.
3. BIBLIOGRAPHY
3.1 Early Collections (ca. 1600–1950)
Amiot, François. “Les agrapha.” Chapter 1 in La Bible apocryphe. Évangiles apocryphes. Textes pour l’histoire sacrée. Paris: Arthème Fayard, 1952.
Asín y Palacios, Michaël (Miguel). “Logia et agrapha Domini Jesu apud moslemicos scriptores, asceticos praesertim, usitata. Fasciculus prior.” PO 19.4 (1926): 529–624.
Asín y Palacios, Michaël (Miguel). “Logia et agrapha Domini Jesu apud moslemicos scriptores, asceticos praesertim, usitata. Fasciculus prior.” PO 13.3 (1919): 327–431.
Besson, Émile. Les Logia agrapha. Paroles du Christ qui ne se trouvent pas dans les Évangiles canoniques, recueillies et traduites. Bihorel-les-Rouen: Bibliothèque des Amitiés spirituelles A. Legrand, 1923.
Bonaccorsi, Giuseppe. Vangeli Apocrifi. Testo greco-latino e traduzione italiana, Vol. 1. Florence: Libreria Editrice Fiorentina, 1948 (pp. 48–57).
Buonaiuti, Ernesto. Detti extracanonici di Gesù. Introduzione, testo, traduzione e commento. Scrittori Cristiani Antichi 11. Rome: Libreria di cultura, 1925.
Dunkerley, Roderic. The Unwritten Gospel: Ana and Agrapha of Jesus. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1925.
Fabricius, Johann Albert. Codex Apocryphus Novi Testamenti. Vol. 1. Hamburg: Schiller & Kisner, 1719 (Pars I, pp. 321–80).
Fabricius, Johann Albert. Codex Apocryphus Novi Testamenti. Vol. 2. Hamburg: Herold, 1742 (Pars III, pp. 394–97).
Faggin, Giuseppe. Logia agrapha. Detti extracanonici di Gesù. Florence: Fussi/Sansoni, 1951.
Grabe (Grabius), Johannes Ernst. Spicilegium Ss. Patrum, ut et Hereticorum, Seculi post Christum Natum I. II. & III.. Oxford: E Theatro Sheldoniano, 1698 (vol. 1, pp. 12–14).
Griffinhoofe, Charles George. The Unwritten Sayings of Christ: Words of Our Lord not Recorded in the Four Gospels Including those Recently Discovered, with Notes. Cambridge and London: W. Effer & Sons and Edward Arnold, 1905.
Hennecke, Edgar. “Versprengte Herrnworte.” Pages 7–11 in Neutestamentliche Apokryphen. In Verbindung mit Fachgelehrten in deutscher Übersetzung und mit Einleitung. Tübingen and Leipzig: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1904.
Holzmeister, Urban. “Unbeachtete patristische Agrapha.” Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie 39/1 (1915): 98–118.
Jackson, Blomfield. Twenty-five Agrapha, or, Extra-canonical Sayings of Our Lord. London: SPCK, 1900.
Jacquier, Eugène. “Les sentences du Seigneur extra canoniques (agrapha).” RB 15 (1918): 93–135.
James, Montague Rhodes. The Apocryphal New Testament: Being the Apocryphal Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and Apocalypses, with Other Narratives and Fragments Newly Translated. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924 (pp. 32–37).
Klostermann, Erich. Apocrypha: Agrapha, New Oxyrhynchus Logia. Cambridge: Deighton, Bell & Co., 1905.
Körner, Johann Gottfried. De sermonibus Christi ἀγράφοις. Leipzig: Breitkopf, 1776.
Lopukhin, Aleksandr Pavlovich. “Agrafy.” Pages 297–316 in vol. 1 of Pravoslavnaya bogoslovskaya entsiklopediya. Edited by A.P. Lopukhin. Moscow, 1900.
Margoliouth, David Samuel. “Christ in Islam: Sayings Attributed to Christ by Mohammedan Writers.” ExpT 5 (1893/1894): 59, 107, 177–78, 503–504, 561.
Margoliouth, David Samuel. “Christ in Mohammedan Literature.” Pages 882–86 in Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels. Edited by James Hastings. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1908.
Menochio, Giovanni Stefano. “Di alcune sentenze d’Autori profani citate nella Sacra Scrittura; e d’alcuni detti di Christo che non sono nell’Euangelio.” Pages 402–404 [Centuria II, 54] in Le stuore di Gio. Corona tessute di varia eruditione sacra, morale, e profana. Rome: Manelfo Manelfi, 1646.
Phalèse (Phalesius), Hubert de, “Observanda pro verbis sententiisque, quae in Concordantiarum Libro frustra quaerentur.” Pages xiii–xiv [Praeambula, Tertium] in Sacrorum Bibliorum Vulgatae editionis concordantiae ad recognitionem jussu Sixti V. Bibliis adhibitam a Francisco Luca primum recensitae. Antwerp: Ex officina Plantiniana Balthasaris Moreti, 1642.
Pick, Bernhard. “Scattered Sayings.” Pages 65–115 in Paralipomena: Remains of Gospels and Sayings of Christ. Chicago: Open Court, 1908.
Pick, Bernhard. “Sayings of Jesus.” Pages 249–312 in The Extra-canonical Life of Christ, Being a Record of the Acts and Sayings of Jesus of Nazareth from Uninspired Sources. New York and London: Funk & Wagnalls, 1903.
Preuschen Erwin. Antilegomena. Die Reste der ausserkanonischen Evangelien und urchristlichen Überlieferungen. Gieszen: Alfred Töpelmann, 1905 (2nd rev. edition).
Resch, Alfred. Agrapha. Aussercanonische Schriftfragmente. TU, Neue Folge, 15/3–4). Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs, 1906 (2nd rev. edition; 1st edition: Leipzig 1889).
Ropes, James Hardy. “Agrapha.” Pages 343–52 in A Dictionary of the Bible, Dealing with Its Language, Literature, and Contents Including the Biblical Theology: Extra Volume. Edited by James Hastings. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1912.
Santos Otero, Aurelio de. Los evangelios apócrifos. Colección de textos griegos y latinos, versión crítica, estudios introductorios y comentarios. Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos 148. Madrid: BAC Editorial, 1956.
Travers Herford, Robert. Christianity in Talmud and Midrash. London: Williams and Norgate, 1903.
Uckeley, Alfred. Worte Jesu, die nicht in der Bibel stehen. Berlin: Runge, 1911.
3.2 Modern Collections
Note: The list does not include collections intended for the general public. Description of contents reflects the categories used in each collection.
3.2.1 English
Brannan, Rick. Greek Apocryphal Gospels, Fragments and Agrapha: A New Translation. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2013. Contains: 24 sayings found in the New Testament text (outside of gospels), additions to New Testament manuscripts, the Apostolic Fathers, and works by Justin Martyr.
Crossan, John Dominic. Sayings Parallels: A Workbook for the Jesus Tradition. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1986. Contains: 503 sayings parallels inventoried within four major generic categories (parables, aphorisms, dialogue, and stories); due to overlapping between different categories, individual sayings can be found ascribed to more than one genre.
Ehrman, Bart, and Zlatko Pleše. “Agrapha.” Pages 351–67 in The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. Contains: 41 agrapha selected from the New Testament, manuscript variations in the New Testament, early Christian authors and writings, Syriac and Manichaean sources.
Elliott, James K. “Agrapha.” Pages 26–30 in The Apocryphal New Testament: A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation based on M.R. James. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993. Contains: 12 agrapha selected from the New Testament, gospel manuscripts, and patristic sources.
Hofius, Otfried. “Isolated Sayings of the Lord.” Pages 88–91 in Wilhelm Schneemelcher, ed., New Testament Apocrypha. Revised Edition, Vol. 1: Gospels and Related Writings, Engl. translation edited by R. McL. Wilson. Louisville and London: Westminster John Knox Press and James Clarke & Co., 1991 (translated from “Versprengte Herrenworte.” Pages 76–79 in Edgar Hennecke and Wilhelm Schneemelcher, eds. Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung. 5th edition, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1987). Contains: 7 isolated sayings of Jesus purported to have a historical value and selected from variant readings in New Testament gospel manuscripts, fragments of apocryphal gospels, and early Christian writings.
Khalidi, Tarif. The Muslim Jesus: Sayings and Stories in Islamic Literature. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 2011 (or. Al-Injīl bi riwājat al-muslimīn, Beirut 1961). Contains: 302 sayings taken from Islamic sources.
Morrice, William G. Hidden Sayings of Jesus: Words attributed to Jesus outside the four Gospels. London: SPCK, 1997. Contains: 253 sayings arranged into five sections (New Testament extra-gospel agrapha and variant readings in the gospel manuscripts; Egyptian papyrus fragments; Oxyrhynchus sayings; rearranged sayings from the Coptic Gospel of Thomas; sayings coming from other sources, incl. infancy gospels, apostolic writings, Jewish Christian and Egyptian gospels, early Christian authors, and Arabic sources).
Patterson, Stephen J. “Orphan Sayings and Stories.” Pages 447–55 in The Complete Gospels: Annotated Scholars Version. Revised and Expanded Edition. Edited by Robert J. Miller. Sonoma, CA: Polebridge Press, 1994. Contains: 12 sayings found in the canonical gospel tradition (i.e., variant readings and sayings or stories appended to the text of the canonical gospels).
Stroker, William D. Extracanonical Sayings of Jesus. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1989. Contains: 266 extracanonical sayings arranged into six sections (apophthegms; parables; prophetic and apocalyptic sayings; wisdom sayings; I-sayings; community rules).
3.2.2 French
Bertrand, Daniel A. “Fragments évangéliques.” Pages 393–495 in François Bovon and Pierre Geoltrain, eds., Écrits apocryphes chrétiens. Vol. 1. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. Paris: Gallimard, 1996. Contains: 6 variant readings from canonical gospel manuscripts (399–405) and 12 patristic agrapha (487–95).
Khalidi, Tarif. Un musulman nommé Jésus. Paris: Albin Michel, 2003 (or. Al-Injīl bi riwājat al-muslimīn, Beirut 1961). Contains: 302 sayings taken from Islamic sources.
3.2.3 German
Berger, Klaus, and Christiane Nord. Das Neue Testament und frühchristliche Schriften. Frankfurt a.M. and Leipzig: Insel Verlag, 1999, 1116–99. Contains: 413 sayings; of these, 234 are Jesus sayings taken from Christian sources from the 1st to the 6th century (including New Testament writings, variant readings from Gospel manuscripts, patristic literature, apocryphal texts, as well as liturgical and normative sources), while 161 are reported as Arabic agrapha and 18 as apostolic agrapha.
Jeremias, Joachim. Unbekannte Jesusworte. Gütersloh: G. Mohn, 1963 (3rd rev. edition; 1st edition: Zurich 1948). ET: Unknown Sayings of Jesus. Translated by R.H. Fuller. London: SPCK, 1964 (2nd edition). Contains: discussion of 18 + 2 agrapha, mostly drawn from New Testament writings, variants in the manuscript tradition of the canonical gospels, gospel fragments, patristic and gnostic literature, and apocryphal narratives.
Markschies, Christoph, and others. “Außerkanonische Jesusüberlieferung.” Pages 184–208 in Antike christliche Apokryphen in deutscher Übersetzung. 7. Auflage der von Edgar Hennecke begründeten und von Wilhelm Schneemelcher fortgeführten Sammlung der neutestamentlichen Apokryphen, Vol. 1/1: Evangelien und Verwandtes. Edited by Christoph Markschies and Jens Schröter (in collaboration with Andreas Heiser). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2012. Contains: 7 dominical sayings purported to have a historical value and selected from variant readings in New Testament gospel manuscripts, fragments of apocryphal gospels, and ancient Christian texts (pages 184–89: “Außerkanonische Herrenworte,” ed. Otfried Hofius); 5 dominical sayings from Nag Hammadi writings (pages 190–92: “Herrenworte aus Nag Hammadi,” ed. Uwe-Karsten Plisch); and 41 logia from Arabic and Islamic sources (pages 193–208: “Jesuslogien aus arabisch-islamischer Literatur,” ed. Friedmann Eißler).
3.2.4 Italian
Chialà, Sabino, ed. I detti islamici di Gesù. Milan: Fondazione Lorenzo Valla / Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 2009. Contains: 383 sayings from Islamic sources, along with a final comparative table of sayings reported in previous scholarly collections.
Erbetta, Mario. Gli apocrifi del Nuovo Testamento, Vol. I/1: Vangeli. Scritti affini ai vangeli canonici. Composizioni gnostiche. Materiale illustrativo. Genoa: Marietti, 1981, pp. 83–96. Contains: 44 agrapha distinguished between New Testament extra-gospel agrapha; variant readings in New Testament Gospel manuscripts; patristic agrapha.
Moraldi, Luigi. Apocrifi del Nuovo Testamento, Vol. 1: Vangeli. Turin: UTET, 1971, pp. 459–74. Contains: 45 agrapha selected from New Testament writings; variant readings in New Testament gospel manuscripts; ancient Christian authors; apocryphal and gnostic literature; Talmudic writings; Islamic literature and later sources.
Pesce, Mauro. Le parole dimenticate di Gesù. Milan: Fondazione Lorenzo Valla / Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 2004. Contains: 684 “forgotten words” of Jesus taken from Greek and Latin sources and arranged into five sections (New Testament writings and Gospel of Thomas, including variants in gospel manuscripts; apocryphal gospels and other works between the 1st and the 2nd century; apologetic and normative writings; theological works from the late 2nd century to the early 4th century; apocryphal texts and theological works between the 4th and the 7th century).
3.2.5. Portuguese
Ramos, Lincoln. “Agrafos.” Pages 145–58 in Fragmentos dos Evangelhos Apócrifos: Envagelho de Tomé, Evangelho de Pedro e outros (Bíblia Apócripha). Petrópolis: Editora Vozes, 1989. Contains: 50 agrapha taken from canonical writings of non-gospel kind, variant readings in New Testament manuscripts, works by Church fathers, and Islamic sources.
2.2.6. Russian
Taube, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. Agrafa. O nezapisan v Yevangelii izrecheniyakh Iisusa Khrista. Moscow: Krutitskoye Patriarsheye Podvor’ye, 2007 (1st ed. Warsaw, 1936). Contains: 71 agrapha taken from New Testament writings other than the gospels, variant readings in New Testament manuscripts, apostolic fathers and patristic authors, ancient liturgical texts, and extracanonical gospels.
2.2.7 Spanish
Santos Otero, Aurelio de. “Agrapha.” Pages 108–22 in Los evangelios apócrifos. Edición critica y bilingüe (Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 148). Madrid: BAC Editorial, 2006 (13th edition; 1st edition, 1956). Contains: 51 agrapha distinguished between New Testament extra-gospel agrapha, variant readings in New Testament manuscripts, and agrapha quoted by Church fathers.
3.3 General Works
Aune, David E. “Oral Tradition and the Aphorisms of Jesus, with the Appendix: Inventory of Aphorisms of Jesus.” Pages 211–65 in Jesus and the Oral Gospel Tradition. Edited by Henry Wansbrough. LNTS 64. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1991.
Baarda, Tjitze. Early Transmission of Words of Jesus: Thomas, Tatian and the Text of the New Testament. A Collection of Studies Edited by J. Helderman and S.J. Noorda. Amsterdam: V.U. Boekhandel, 1983.
Bazzana, Giovanni Battista. “Replaying Jesus’ Sayings in the ‘Agrapha’: Reflections on the Neu-Inszenierung of Jesus’ Traditions in the Second Century between 2 Clement and Clement of Alexandria.” Pages 27–43 in Gospels and Gospel Traditions in the Second Century: Experiments in Reception. Edited by Jens Schröter, Tobias Nicklas, and Joseph Verheyden, in coop. with Katharina Simunovic. BZNW 235. Göttingen: Walter de Gruyter, 2018.
__________. “‘Be Good Moneychangers’: The Role of an Agraphon in a Discursive Fight for the Canon of Scripture.” Pages 297–311 in Invention, Rewriting, Usurpation: Discursive Fights over Religious Traditions in Antiquity. Edited by Jörg Ulrich, Anders-Christian Jacobsen, and David Brakke. Early Christianity in the Context of Antiquity 11. Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang, 2012.
Bellinzoni, Arthur J. The Sayings of Jesus in the Writings of Justin Martyr. NTSup 17. Leiden: Brill, 1967.
Bruce, Frederick F. “‘Unwritten’ Sayings and Apocryphal Gospels.” Pages 82–109 in Jesus and Christian Origins outside the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1974.
Burke, Tony. Secret Scriptures Revealed: A New Introduction to the Christian Apocrypha. Grand Rapids, MI, and Cambridge, UK: Eerdmans, 2013 (pp. 54–56).
Cameron, Ron. Sayings Traditions in the Apocryphon of James. HTS 34. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1984.
Charlesworth, James H., and Craig A. Evans. “Jesus in the Agrapha and Apocryphal Gospels.” Pages 479–533 in Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research. Edited by Craig A. Evans and Bruce Chilton. Leiden, Boston, and Köln: Brill, 1994.
Chilton, Bruce, and Craig A. Evans, eds. Authenticating the Words of Jesus. Boston and Leiden: Brill, 1999.
Crossan, John D. In Fragments: The Aphorisms of Jesus. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1983.
Delobel, Jacques. “The Sayings of Jesus in the Textual Tradition: Variant Readings in the Greek Manuscripts of the Gospels.” Pages 431–57 in Logia. Les Paroles de Jesus / The Sayings of Jesus. Edited by Jacques Delobel. BETL 59. Leuven: Peeters, 1982.
Di Nola, Alfonso Maria. Parole segrete di Gesù. Logia e agrapha tradotti e commentati. Enciclopedia di autori classici 86. Turin: Boringhieri, 1964.
Draper, Jonathan A. “The Sayings of Jesus in the Didache.” Pages 72–91 in The Didache in Modern Research. Edited by Jonathan A. Draper. Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill, 1996.
Elliott, James K. “Noncanonical Sayings of Jesus in Patristic Works and in the New Testament Manuscript Tradition.” Pages 343–54 in Philologia Sacra. Biblische und patristische Studien für Hermann J. Frede und Walter Thiele zu ihrem siebzigsten Geburtstrag. Vol. 2: Apokryphen, Kirchenväter, Verschiedenes. Edited by Roger Gryson. AGLB 24/2. Freiburg i.B.: Herder, 1993.
Finegan, Jack. Hidden Records of the Life of Jesus. Philadelphia, PA: Pilgrim Press, 1969.
Frey, Jörg, and Jens Schröter, eds. Jesus in apokryphen Evangelienüberlieferungen. Beiträge zu außerkanonischen Jesusüberlieferungen aus verschiedenen Sprach- und Kulturtraditionen. WUNT 254. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2010.
Goldstein, Morris. Jesus in the Jewish Tradition. New York: Macmillan, 1950.
Gómez, Juan José. Logia Agrapha o dichos del Señor extraevangélicos. Estudio biblico-histórico. Murcia, 1935.
Gregory, Andrew. “Agrapha.” Pages 3–21 in Early New Testament Apocrypha. Edited by J. Christopher Edwards. Ancient Literature for New Testament Studies 9. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2022.
Gregory, Andrew F., and Christopher M. Tuckett, eds. The Reception of the New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers. The New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers 1. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Harnack, Adolf von. “Über einige Worte Jesu, die nicht in den kanonischen Evangelien stehen, nebst einem Anhang über die ursprüngliche Gestalt des Vater-Unsers.” Sitzungsberichte der königlichen Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (1904): 170–208.
Herford, R. Travers. Christianity in Talmud and Midrash. London: Williams & Norgate, 1903.
Hofius, Otfried. “Unbekannte Jesusworte.” Pages 355–82 in Das Evangelium und die Evangelien. Vorträge vom Tübinger Symposium 1982. Edited by Peter Stuhlmacher. WUNT 28. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1983. ET: “Unknown Sayings of Jesus.” Pages 336–60 in The Gospel and the Gospels. Edited by Peter Stuhlmacher. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1991.
Holzmeister, Urban. “Unbeachtete patristische Agrapha. Eine exegetisch-patristische Untersuchung.” ZKT 38/2 (1914): 113–43.
Jefford, Clayton N. The Sayings of Jesus in the Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. Leiden: Brill, 1985.
Klauck, Hans-Josef. Apokryphe Evangelien. Eine Einführung. Stuttgart: Katholisches Bibelwerk, 2002 (pp. 16–34). ET: The Apocryphal Gospels: An Introduction. Translated by Brian McNeil. London and New York: T&T Clark International, 2003 (pp. 6–21).
Kline, Leslie L. The Sayings of Jesus in the Pseudo-Clementine Homilies. SBLDS 14. Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1975.
Kloppenborg, John S. The Formation of Q: Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections. SAC. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1987.
Koester, Helmut. “Die ausserkanonische Herrenworte als Produkte der christlichen Gemeinde.” ZNW 48 (1957): 220–37.
__________. Synoptische Überlieferung bei den apostolischen Vätern. TU 65. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1957.
__________. Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development. Philadelphia, PA: Trinity Press International, 1990.
Labahn, Michael. “The Non-Synoptic Jesus: An Introduction to John, Paul, Thomas, and Other ‘Outsiders’ of the Jesus-Quest.” Page 1933–96 in The Handbook of the Historical Jesus, Vol. 3: The Historical Jesus. Edited by Tom Holmén and Stanley E. Porter, eds. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2011.
Lane, W. L. “A Critique of Purportedly Authentic Agrapha.” JETS 18 (1975): 29–35.
Lauterbach, Jacob Z. “Jesus in the Talmud.” Pages 473–570 in Rabbinic Essays. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1951.
Leanza, Sandro. I detti extracanonici di Gesù. Messina: EDAS, 1987.
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