Acts of Paul

Acta Pauli

Standard abbreviation: Acts Paul

Other titles: none

Clavis numbers: ECCA 779; CANT 211

VIAF: 176202528; 695145858156323022501

Category: Apocryphal Acts

Related literature: Acts of Paul and Thecla, 3 Corinthians, Epistle of Pelagia; Hypomnema on Peter and Paul; Encomium on Paul, by Nicetas of Paphlagonia; Nicephorus Callistus, Ecclesiastical History (PG 145: 821–24)

Compiled by Jenna Whalley, Boston College ([email protected])

Citing this resource (using Chicago Manual of Style): Whalley, Jenna. “Acts of Paul.” e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha. Accessed DAY MONTH YEAR. https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/acts-of-paul/.

Created September 2019. Current as of May 2023.

1. SUMMARY

The Acts of Paul is a second century apocryphal work about the missionary career and exploits of the apostle Paul. It is episodic in nature and structured around a travel sequence: Damascus to Jerusalem, Antioch of Syria, Iconium, Antioch (which Antioch is unclear), Myra, Sidon, Tyre, Jerusalem (and probably also Cilicia and Smyrna), Ephesus, Philippi (where two episodes are set), Corinth, the journey to Italy, and finally Rome, where the apostle is martyred. The evidence for some episodes is only fragmentary in nature and parts of the story have not been well preserved. The initial unity or composite nature of the work is unclear, though some famous sections circulated and were encountered by ancient audiences independently. These sections are The Acts of Paul and Thecla (episodes 3–4, set in Iconium then Antioch), 3 Corinthians (which is part of Episode 10, set in Philippi), and the martyrdom of Paul (episode 14, set in Rome).

It seems that the story initially opened with a trek from Damascus to Jerusalem which may have been reminiscent of Paul’s conversion presented in the canonical book of Acts. This episode might also have included Paul’s encounter with the lion whom he baptizes (an encounter the apostle later recalls in episode 9). Episode 2 is set in Antioch of Syria where Paul resuscitates a youth and is expelled from the city by a disgruntled crowd. Neither episode is well preserved in the Acts of Paul manuscripts, but the lion episode is told in the Epistle of Pelagia.

Episodes 3–4 introduce and follow a female companion of Paul named Thecla.  Enthralled by the apostle and his message of sexual renunciation, Thecla breaks off an engagement to wed in order to follow Paul. The episodes, set in Iconium and Antioch, chronicle two trials she faces as a result of her newfound faith, each of which she endures courageously and is miraculously delivered from. The episodes end with Paul commissioning Thecla to be an apostle in her own right.

Next Paul sets out for Myra where episode 5 presents Paul as performing more healings and resurrections. In episodes 6–7, which are not well attested, Paul makes a journey to the Phoenician cities of Sidon and then Tyre. In Sidon, Paul preaches and somehow escapes an angry crowd of opponents. In Tyre, Paul performs an exorcism. Episode 8 is also poorly preserved. It appears to have contained addresses from Paul recounting his personal history and gospel mission. The narrative setting may have moved from Jerusalem, to Cilicia, to Smyrna.

Episode 9 chronicles Paul’s time in Ephesus, where he visits the home of Priscilla and Aquila. There he recounts the story of his encounter with the lion outside Damascus (see episode 1) and soon finds himself facing that same lion in the arena. After a brief conversation, both miraculously escape due to the sudden onset of severe weather. In some manuscripts, this sequence contains a subplot where two women, who are married to opponents of Paul in the episode, are converted and baptized.

Episodes 10–11 are set in Philippi. In episode 10, Paul receives a letter from the Corinthians regarding controversies over docetic teachings. The pseudepigraphic letter of 3 Corinthians is here embedded in the larger narrative framework of the episode as Paul’s response. Episode 11 portrays Paul as laboring in prison when the daughter of one of the figures responsible for his imprisonment dies. Paul revives her days after her death when she is on her funeral bier. This miracle converts some onlookers with whom Paul then shares a Eucharistic meal.

Episodes 13–14 conclude the Acts of Paul by recounting his journey to Italy (as a free traveler, rather than as a prisoner as in Acts) and his martyrdom in Rome. Episode 13 relays Paul boarding a ship, the captain of which had been baptized by Peter. There he has a vision of the risen Christ who makes reference to being crucified again. Paul stops in Puteoli on his way to Rome where he delivers a sermon. Episode 14 picks up with his activities in Rome where he is joined by Luke and Titus. During one of Paul’s public addresses, a cupbearer for Nero in the audience falls to his death and is resurrected by Paul. Nero imprisons the cupbearer after he witnesses to the kingship of Jesus Christ and begins arresting followers of this other king. Paul is arrested and brought before Nero where he predicts his own resurrection. After some hesitation on the part of Nero’s soldiers, Paul is beheaded. Later, the apostle appears before Nero, leading him to release his remaining Christian prisoners. Another appearance of the apostle before Luke, Titus, and two of Nero’s soldiers at the site of Paul’s tomb leads to the baptism and conversion of the soldiers.

Named historical figures and characters: Adar, Alexander (of Antioch), Aline, Amathios (father of Jonah), Ammia, Amphion, Anchares, Apollo, Apollophanes, Aquilla, Artemilla, Artemon, Barsabas Justus, Castellius (governor), Cestus/Acestus, Charinos, Chryse, Chrysippus, Claudius (of Puteoli), Cleobius, Cleon, Daniel (prophet), Daphnus, David (king), Demas  (heretic), devil, Dion, Diophantes, Elisha (prophet), Epiphanius (of Corinth), Eubula, Eubulus, Eutychus, Falconilla, Feritas, Festus (of Galatia), Firmilla, Frontilla, Frontina, Gog, Hades, Hermias, Hermocrates, Hermogenes, Hermippus, Hieronymos, Holy Spirit, Jesus Christ, Jonah, Judas (brother of Jesus), Lectra, Lemma, Longinus (of Ephesus), Longus, Luke (evangelist), Mary (Virgin), Moses (patriarch), Myrta, Nabal, Nero, Nympha, Onesiphorus, Orion/Arion (of Cappadocia), Parthenius, Patroclus, Paul (apostle), Peter (apostle), Pharaoh (of Exodus), Pheretas/Ferega/Pheres (soldier), Phila, Philip (apostle), Priscilla, Procla (of Ephesus), Saul (king), Simmias (son of Onesiphorus), Simon (Magus), Stephanus, Stratonike, Thamyris, Thecla, Theocleia, Theonoe, Theophilus (of Corinth), Theudes, Threptus, Titus, Tryphaena, Thrasymmachus, Xanthos (of Sidon), Zeno (of Corinth), Zeno (son of Onesiphorus).

Geographical locations: Antioch, Bethlehem, Cilicia, Corinth, Cyrenaica, Dalmatia, Damascus, Daphne (Asia Minor), Ephesus, Egypt, Gaul, Gomorrah, Iconium, Israel, Jericho, Jerusalem, Lystra, Macedonia, Myra, Nazareth, Nineveh, Pamphylia, Paradise, Perga, Phoenicia, Philippi, Pisidia, Puteoli, Rome, Seleucia, Sidon, Smyrna, Sodom, Syria, temple of Apollo, Tyre.

2. RESOURCES

2.1 Web Sites

Acta Pauli. Blog and resources, administered by Andrew A. Fulford, Annette Merz, Jeremy W. Barrier, and Peter W. Dunn.

“Acts of Paul.” Wikipedia.

Early Christian Writings: Acts of Paul. Administrator: Peter Kirby (Features several English translations and a brief bibliography).

2.2 Art and Iconography

Cycles of Peter and Paul, Monreale Cathedral: 12th/13th-century mosaics illustrating the careers of the apostles drawn principally from Acts but  featuring scenes of the apostles disputing with Simon before Nero, Simon’s fall from the sky, and both apostles’ martyrdoms.

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus (Museo Storico del Tesoro della Basilica di San Pietro, Vatican City; 395 CE): includes a depiction of Paul being led to his martyrdom by two soldiers.

Trees Sarcophagus (Museo Pio Cristiano, Vatican City; ca. 340–350 CE): includes a depiction of Paul being led to his martyrdom by a soldier preparing to unsheathe his sword.

3. BIBLIOGRAPHY

3.1 Manuscripts and Editions

3.1.1 Acts of Paul (manuscripts with multiple sections)

3.1.1.1 Coptic (BHO 882; CANT 211.II)

Cologny, Bodmer Library, P. Bodmer XLI  (4th cent.) ~ ep. 9

Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, inv. Kopt. 300+301 + London, British Library, Or. 6943(19)  (6th cent.)

Manchester, John Rylands Library, Copt. Suppl. 44 (4th cent.) ~ ep. 1; PAThs entry

Crum, Walter E. “New Coptic Manuscripts in the John Rylands Library.” Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 5.5 (1920): 497–503 (notice only, p. 501).

Kasser, Rodolphe. “Acta Pauli 1959.” Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieuses 40 (1959): 45–57 (description of P. Bod. XLI).

Kasser, Rodolphe and Philippe Luisier, eds. “Le Papyrus Bodmer XLI en Édition Princeps l’Épisode d’Èphèse des Acta Pauli en Copte et en Traduction.” Mus 117 (2004): 281–384 (paleographical details provided pp. 283–88; black and white photographs, pp. 371–84).

Schmidt, Carl. Acta Pauli aus der Heidelberger koptischen Papyrus-handschrift Nr. 1. 1904. 2nd enlarged ed. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1905 (edition of Heid. inv. Kopt. 300+301).

———. “Ein Neues Fragment der Heidelberger Acta Pauli.” Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Berlin, 1909): 216–20 (edition and translation of an additional leaf from Heid. inv. Kpt. 300+301 at the British Library).

3.1.1.2 Greek (BHG 1451; CANT 211.I)

Hamburg, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Pap. bil. 1, pp. 1–11 (3rd/4th cent.)

Ghent, Bibliotheek van de Rijksuniversiteit, inv. 62 (P. Oxy. III 1602), 1 fol. (4th/5th cent.)

Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum and Papyrussammlung, Staatliche Museen, P. 13893 + Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Library, P. Mich. inv. 1317 + P. Mich. inv. 3788 (3rd/4th cent.)

New Haven, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, P. Yale 87/P.CtYBR 1376 (4th/5th cent.)

Grenfell, Bernard P., and Hunt, Arthur S. Oxyrhynchus Papyri XIII. London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1919 (edition of P. Oxy. III 1602, here identified as “Homily to Monks,” pp. 23–25).

Kilpatrick, G. D., and Roberts, C. H. “The Acta Pauli: A New Fragment.” JTS 47 (1946): 196–99 (discussion of P. Mich. 3788).

McHardy, W. D. “A Papyrus Fragment of the Acta Pauli.” ExpT 58 (1946–1947): 279 (discussion of P. Mich. 3788).

Roberts, Colin H. “A Fragment of an Uncanonical Gospel.” JTS 47 (1946): 56–57 (discussion of P. Mich. 3788).

Rordorf, Willy. “Les Actes de Paul sur papyrus: problèmes liés aux PMich 1317 et 3788.” Pages 453–61 in Basil G. Mandilaras, ed., Proceedings of the XVIII International Congress of Papyrology. Athens 25–31 May 1986. Athens: Greek Papyrological Society, 1988.

Sanders, Henry A. “A Fragment of the Acta Pauli in the Michigan Collection.” HTR 31 (1938): 70–90 (editio princeps of P. Mich. inv. 1317).

———. “Three Theological Fragments.” HTR 36 (1943): 165–67 (editio princeps of P. Mich. inv. 3788).

Schmidt, Carl. “Ein Berliner Fragment de alten Πράξεις Παύλου.” SPAW (1931): 37–40 (editio princeps of P. Berol. 13893).

Schmidt, Carl, and Wilhelm Schubart. ΠΡΑΞΕΙΣ ΠΑΥΛOΥ. Acta Pauli nach dem Papyrus der Hamburger staats- und Universitäts-bibliothek unter Mitarbeit von Wilhelm Schubart. Hamburg: J. J. Augustin, 1936 (editio princeps of Hamb. Pap. bil. 1).

Stephens, Susan A. Papyri from the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale II. American Studies in Papyrology 24. Chico: Scholars Press, 1985 (editio princeps of P.CtYBR 1376, pp. 3–7).

Wayment, Thomas A. The Text of the New Testament Apocrypha (100–400 CE). New York: T&T Clark, 2013 (new transcriptions and editions of each manuscript, pp. 17–34, pl. 223–242).

3.1.2 Acts of Paul and Thecla (CANT 211.III; see Acts of Paul and Thecla)

3.1.3 Corinthian Correspondence (CANT 211.IV; see 3 Corinthians)

3.1.4 Martyrdom of Paul

3.1.4.1 Arabic (BHO 888)

3.1.4.1.1 Arabic Script

Beirut, Bibliothèque Orientale de l’Université Saint Joseph, 1426 (1855)  ~ contents unconfirmed

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Graf 472 (18th  cent.)

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Hist. 1 (13th/14th  cent.)

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Hist. 3 (1626)

Cairo, Coptic Catholic Patriarchate Library, Hist. 6 (not dated) ~ contents unconfirmed

Cairo, Coptic Museum, 59, fols. 178^r–182^r (19th cent.)

Cairo, Coptic Museum, 60, fols. 78^v–86^v (19th cent.)

Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze, Magl. III 29, fols. 23^r–26^r (ante 1664)

Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek, Or. 1067 (Tischendorf 32) (15th cent.)

Mount Sinai, Monē tēs Hagias Aikaterinēs, arab. 461 (10th cent.) ~ unconfirmed (LOC)

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodl. Ar. 541 (Nicoll 49), fols. 9^r–ending lost) (18th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 74, fols. 20^r–25^r (13th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 75, fols. 25^r–30^v (16th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 4770, fols. 33^r–40^v (19th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 4771, fols. 182^v–189^r (19th cent.)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Borg. ar. 223 (1729)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Sbath 500, fols. 21^v–28^r (15th cent.)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. ar. 694, fols. 11^v–18^r (14th cent.)

Bausi, Alessandro. “Alcune osservazioni sul Gadla ḥawāryāt.” Annali dell’Istituto Orientale di Napoli 60–61 (2001–2002): 77–114 (list of 31 Arabic manuscripts of the Arabic acts collection, pp. 97–101).

Lewis, Agnes Smith, ed. Acta Mythologica Apostolorum, Transcribed from an Arabic Ms. in the Convent of Deyr-es-Suriani, Egypt, and from Mss. in the Convent of St Catherine, on Mount Sinai. Horae Semiticae 3. London: C.J. Clay and Sons, 1904 (Arabic text based on Vat. ar. 694, pp. 184–89).

Graf, Georg. Geschichte der christlichen arabischen Literatur. 5 vols. Rome: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1944 (manuscripts listed, vol. 1, pp. 258–62).

3.1.4.1.2 Garšūnī

Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Mingana Syr. 40, fols. 36^r–42^r (ca. 1750)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, syr. 232, fols. 217^r–220^v (17th cent.)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Sbath 124, fols. 15^v–21^r  (16th cent.)

3.1.4.2 Armenian (BHO 885)

Venice, Biblioteca dei Padri Mechitaristi San Lazzaro degli Armeni, 228 (olim 653), item 152 (1847)

Tchérakian, Chérubin. Ankanon girkh arakhelakankh: Thankgaran haykakan hin ew nor deprutheankh. Venice: Òazar, 1904 (edition based on V 653, pp. 57–61).

Leloir, Louis. “Martyre de Paul.” Pages 77–86 in Écrits Apocryphes sur les apôtres: Traduction de l’édition Arménienne de Venise. I. Pierre, Paul, André, Jacques, Jean. Turnhout: Brepols, 1986 (French translation of Tchérakian’s edition; additional manuscripts listed pp. xxi–xxiv).

3.1.4.3 Church Slavic

Moscow, Russian State Library, V. M. Undolĭskij 1296, fols. 239^r–249^v (15th/16th cent.) (=de Santos Otero 21)

A Greek retrotranslation was provided by Sergius Sokoloff to Lipsius and Bonnet for their edition of the Martyrdom (see Lipsius-Bonnet p. liv).

3.1.4.4 Coptic

3.1.4.4.1 (Sahidic; see links for editions)

CLM 1998, pp. 105–108 (ca. 10th cent.)

MONB.BY, pp. [19]–[20] (ca. 10th cent.)

MONB.MQ, p. 18 (ca. 10th cent.)

MONB.MR, pp. [?]–[?] (ca. 10th cent.)

Moscow, Puškin Museum, GMII I. 1. b. 686, fols. 12^v–18^v (5th cent.) (PAThs entry)

Elanskaya, A. I. “Passio Pauli in the Coptic Ms. GMII I.Ib.686.” Pages 19–37 in Mélanges Antoine Guillaumont: contributions à l’étude des christianismes orientaux: avec une bibliographie du dédicataire. Cahiers d’orientalisme 20. Genève: Patrick Cramer, 1988.

Lemm, Oscar von. “Koptische apokryphe Apostelacten II.” Mélanges Asiatiques 10.2 (1892): 293–385 (edition of the Moscow manuscript with german translation, pp. 354–75, with discussion, pp. 375–81; includes two plates).

3.1.4.4.2 Copto-Arabic Synaxarion

The Copto-Arabic Synaxarion includes some details of the story for June 29 (5 Abīb).

Basset, René. “Le Synaxaire arabe jacobite (rédaction copte) V: les mois de Baounah, Abib, Mésoré et jours complémentaires.” Patrologia orientalis 17 (1923): 525–782 (edition and translation of the summary of the text in the Copto-Arabic Synaxarion, pp. 622–25).

3.1.4.5 Ethiopic (incorporated also into the History of the Contending of Paul 9 and 17)

London, British Library, Or. 678, fols. 14^r–16^r (15th cent.) ~ vv. 4–7 interpolated into the Martyrdom of Peter

London, British Library, Or. 685, fols. 16^v–19^r (18th cent.)

Manchester, John Rylands University Library, Eth. 6, fols. 7^r–10^r (19th cent.)

Bausi, Alessandro. “Alcune osservazioni sul Gadla ḥawāryāt.” Annali dell’Istituto Orientale di Napoli 60–61 (2001–2002): 77–114 (list of 31 manuscripts of the Ethiopic acts collection, pp. 93–97).

Budge, Ernest A. W. Gadla Ḥawâryât: The Contendings of the Apostles, Being the Lives and Martyrdoms and Deaths of the Twelve Apostles and Evangelists. Vol. 1. London: Henry Frowde, 1899 (Ethiopic text based on British Library, Or. 678, pp. 42–46).

Pisani, Vitagrazia. “The apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: unknown witnesses from East Tәgray.” Pages 75–93 in Essays in Ethiopian Manuscript Studies. Proceedings of the International Conference Manuscripts and Texts, Languages and Contexts: the Transmission of Knowledge in the Horn of Africa. Hamburg, 17–19 July 2014. Edited by Alessandro Bausi, Alessandro Gori, and Denis Nosnitsin. Supplements to Aethiopica 4. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2015 (descriptions of ten Ethiopic manuscripts cataloged for the Ethio-SPaRe project).

3.1.4.6 Georgian

Mount Athos, Iviron, 57 (10th/11th cent.)

K‘urc‘ikiże, C‘iala. Kartuli versiebi aṗoḳripebis mocikulta šesaxeb [Georgian Versions of the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles]. Tbilisi: Sakartvelos SSR mecnierebata akademiis gamomcemloba, 1959 (edition based on Iviron 57).

Marr, Nicholas. “Le synaxaire géorgien: Redaction ancienne de l’Union arméno-géorgienne.” PO 19 (1926): 629–742 (edition and French translation, pp. 725–33).

3.1.4.7 Greek

3.1.4.7.1 Complete martyrdom (BHG 1451–1452)

A  Mount Athos, Monē Batopediou, 84 (olim 79), fols. 177^v–180^r (9th/10th cent.) ~ Pinakes

O  Ohrid, Naroden Muzej, 44 (Mošin70), pp. 508–515 (11th cent.)

P  Patmos, Monē tou Hagiou Iōannou tou Theologou, 48, fols. 314^r–318^r (9th cent.) ~ Pinakes

Barcelona, Arxiu Històric de la Companya de Jesús a Catalunya, P. Lit. Palau inv. 350, single fragment (4th/5th cent.)

Bonnet, Maximilien. “Martyrium Pauli.” Pages 104–17 vol. 1 of Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha. Edited by Maximilien Bonnet and Richard A. Lipsius. 2 vols. in 3. Leipzig: H. Mendelssohn, 1891–1903. Repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1972 (Greek text edition based on A and P, vol. 1, pp. 104–17)

Eastman, David L. The Ancient Martyrdom Accounts of Peter and Paul. WGRW 39. Atlanta: SBL Press, 2015 (text and translation of the Martyrdom based on Zwierlein’s edition, pp. 121–37).

García, A López. “P. Lit. Palau Rib. 18: Martyrium Pauli 1.18–22.” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 110 (1996): 132 (edition of the Barcelona fragment).

O’Callaghan, José. “Dos nuevos textos anónimos (P. Paulau Rib. Inv. 25 y 350).” Aegyptus 70 (1990): 53–55 (editio princeps of the Barcelona fragment, with black and white plate, pp. 54–55).

Vouaux, Léon. Les Actes Paul et ses lettres apocryphes: Introduction, traduction et commentaire. Paris: Letouzey et Ané, 1913 (edition based on A and P, pp. 278–314).

Zwierlein, Otto. Petrus in Rom: Die literarischen Zuegnisse. 2nd ed. UALG 96. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2010 (Greek edition based on P, A, and O with readings from other versions, with facing German trans., pp. 426–49).

3.1.4.7.2 Euthalian Apparatus (BHG 1458–1459)

Mount Athos, Monē Batopediou, 852, fols. 74^r–74^v (13th cent.) ~ Pinakes; LOC; miniscule 1719

Mount Athos, Monē Batopediou, 864, fols. 232^r–239^r (date?) ~ Pinakes; miniscule 1722

Mount Athos, Monē Batopediou, 967, fols. 162^v–163^r (14th cent.) ~ Pinakes; miniscule 1598

3.1.4.8 Latin (BHL 6571; Martyrdom 1–3 is combined with Passion of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul [Ps.-Marcellus])

M1  Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm. 4554, fols. 2^r–3^r (8th/9th cent.)

M2  Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm. 22020, fols. 8^r–9^r (12th cent.)

M3  Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm. 19642 (15th cent.) ~ catalog

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Reg. Lat. 1050, fol. 1^r (9th/10th cent.) ~ fragment

Bonnet, Maximilien. “Martyrium Pauli.” Pages lvi–lvii, 104–17 vol. 1 of Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha. Edited by Maximilien Bonnet and Richard A. Lipsius. 2 vols. in 3. Leipzig: H. Mendelssohn, 1891–1903. Repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1972 (Latin text based on three manuscripts from Munich, vol. 1, pp. 105–13).

Wilmart, André. “Extraits d’Acta Pauli.” Revue bénédictine 27 (1910): 402–12 (edition of BAV Reg. Lat. 1050, p. 405).

3.1.4.9 Syriac

London, British Library, Add. 12172, fols. 13^r–17^r (10th cent.)

London, British Library, Add. 14732, fols. 224^r–225^v (13th cent.) ~ lacks beginning

3.2 Modern Translations

3.2.1 English

Budge, E. Wallis. Gadla Ḥawâryât: The Contendings of the Apostles, Being the Lives and Martyrdoms and Deaths of the Twelve Apostles and Evangelists. Vol. 2 (English translations). London: Henry Frowde, 1901 (English translation of the Ethiopic text, pp. 43–48).

Eastman, David L. The Ancient Martyrdom Accounts of Peter and Paul. WGRW 39. Atlanta: SBL Press, 2015 (text and translation of the Martyrdom based on Zwierlein’s edition, pp. 121–37).

Elliott, J. K. The Apocryphal New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993 (pp. 350–89).

James, M. R. The Apocryphal New Testament. 1924. Repr., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953 (pp. 270–99; and translation of the Hamburg papyrus in “Appendix II” by J. W. B. Barns, pp. 570–78).

Lewis, Agnes Smith. The Mythological Acts of the Apostles, Translated from an Arabic Ms. in the Convent of Deyr-es-Suriani, Egypt, and from Mss. in the Convent of St Catherine on Mount Sinai and in the Vatican Library. Horae Semiticae 4. London: C.J. Clay and Sons, 1904 (English translation of the Martyrdom based on Vat. ar. 694, pp. 217–22).

Malan, Solomon C. The Conflicts of the Holy Apostles, An Apocryphal Book of the Early Eastern Church. London: D. Nutt, 1871 (English translation of the Martyrdom from Rylands Eth. 6, pp. 11–15).

Pervo, Richard I. The Acts of Paul: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Eugene: Cascade Books, 2014.

Pick, Bernhard. The Apocryphal Acts of Paul, Peter, John, Andrew, and Thomas. Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Co., 1909 (pp. 1–49).

Schneemelcher, Wilhelm. “The Acts of Paul.” Pages 322–90 in vol. 2 of New Testament Apocrypha. Edited by Edgar Hennecke, Wilhelm Schneemelcher, and Robert McLachlan Wilson. Trans. by Robert McLachlan Wilson. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. 1963–1966.

———. “The Acts of Paul,” Pages 213–70 in vol. 2 of  New Testament Apocrypha. Edited by Edgar Hennecke, Wilhelm Schneemelcher, and Robert McLachlan Wilson. Trans. by R. McL. Wilson. Rev. ed. James Clarke & Co.: Cambridge; Philadelphia: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1992.

3.2.2 French

Nau, François. “La version syriaque inédite des martyres de S. Pierre, S. Paul et S. Luc d’après un manuscript du dixième siècle.” ROC 3 (1898): 39–57, 151–67 (French translation of the Syriac martyrdom based on BL 12172 and 14732, pp. 51–57).

Rordorf, Willy, in collaboration with Pierre Cherix and Rudophe Kasser. “Actes de Paul.” Pages 1115–77 in vol. 1 of Écrits apocryphes chrétiens. Edited by François Bovon and Pierre Geoltrain with an Index by Sever J. Voicu. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. Saint Herblain: Gallimard, 1997.

3.2.3 German

Rolffs, Ernst. “Paulusakten.” Pages 358–95 in Handbuch zu den Neutestamentlichen Apokryphen in Verbindung mit Fachgelehrten. Edited by Edgar Hennecke. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1904.

———. “Paulusakten.” Pages 357–82 in Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in Verbindung mit Fachgelehrten in deutscher und mit Einleitungen. Edited by Edgar Hennecke.Tübingen and Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1904.

Schneelmelcher, Wilhelm, and Rudolphe Kasser, trans. “Paulusacten.” Pages 221–70 in vol. 2 of Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in Verbindung mit Fachgelehrten in deutscher und mit Einleitungen. Edited by Edgar Hennecke and Wilhelm Schneelmelcher. 3rd ed. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1959–1964.

———. “Paulusacten,” Pages 193–243 in vol. 2 of Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in Verbindung mit Fachgelehrten in deutscher und mit Einleitungen.Edited by Edgar Hennecke and Wilhelm Schneelmelcher. 5th ed. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1987.

Zwierlein, Otto. Petrus in Rom: Die literarischen Zuegnisse. 2nd ed. UALG 96. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2010 (Greek edition based on P, A, and O with readings from other versions, with facing German trans., pp. 426–49).

3.2.4 Italian

Erbetta, Mario. Gli apocrifi del Nuovo Testamento. 3 vols. Italy: Marietti, 1975–1981 (vol. 2, pp. 243–88).

Guidi, Ignazio. “Gli Atti apocrifi degli Apostoli nei testi copti, arabi ed etiopici.” Giornale della Società asiatica italiana 2 (1888): 1–66 (translation of the Coptic Martyrdom from CLM 1998, pp. 36–37).

Moraldi, Luigi. Apocrifi del Nuovo Testamento. 2 vols. Classici delle religioni, Sezione quarta, La religione cattolica 24. Turin: Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese, 1971 (vol. 2, pp. 1061–1130).

3.2.5 Spanish

Piñero, Antonio, and Gonzalo del Cerro. Hechos apócrifos de los Apóstoles. 3 vols. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 2011 (Greek edition with facing Spanish translation, vol. 2, pp. 730–862).

3.3 General Works

3.3.1 Apocryphal Acts

Achtemeier, Paul. “Jesus and the Disciples as Miracle Workers in the Apocryphal New Testament.” Pages 149–86 in Aspects of Religious Propaganda in Judaism and Early Christianity. Edited by Elisabeth Shüssler Fiorenza. South Bend: Notre Dame, 1976.

Alfaric, Prosper. “Les Écritures Manichéennes: Chapitre Deuxième: Les Écritures Chrétiennes.” RHR 78 (1918): 63–97.

Allberry, C. R. C. A Manichean Psalm-Book. Pt. 2. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1938.

Altaner, B. “Augustinus Und Die Neutestamentlichen Apokryphen, Sibyllinen Und Sextussprüche.” AnBoll 67 (1949): 236–48.

Bardsley, H. J. “The Derivation of the Acta from Early Acts of Peter.” JTS 16.64 (1915): 495–509.

Biggs, Frederick M. Sources of Anglo-Saxon Literary Culture. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 2007.

Blumenthal, M. Formen Und Motive in Den Apokryphen Apostelakten. Vol. 1. TUGAL 48. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs, 1933.

Bianchi, Ugo, ed. La Tradizione dell’Enkrateia: motiviazioni ontologiche e protologiche. Rome: Ateneo, 1985.

Bolgiana, F. “La tradizione eresiologica sull’encratismo, II: la confutazione di Clemente di Alessandria.” Atti della Accademia delle scienze di Torino. II. classe di scienze morali. storiche e filologiiche 96 (1961/1962): 537–664.

———. “La tradizione eresiologica sull’encratismo, I: le notizie di Ireneo.” Atti della Accademia delle scienze di Torino. II. classe di scienze morali. storiche e filologiiche 91 (1950/1957): 343–419.

Bovon, François. “Réception apocryphe de L’Évangile de Luc et lecture orthodoxe des Actes Apocryphes des Apôtres.” Apocrypha 8 (1997): 137–46.

———. “The Synoptic Gospels and the Noncanonical Acts of the Apostles.” HTR 81.1 (1988): 19–36.

———. “La Vie Des Apôtres: Traditions Bibliques et Narrations Apocryphes.” Pages 141–58 in Les Actes Apocryphes Des Apôtres Des Apôtres. Edited by François Bovon. Genève: Editions Labor et Fides, 1981.

———. Les Actes Apocryphes des Apôtres: christianisme et monde païen. Publications de la Faculté de théologie de l’Université de Genève no 4. Genève: Editions Labor et Fides, 1981.

Bremmer, Jan N. “The Five Major Apocryphal Acts: Authors, Place, Time and Readership.” Pages 149–70 in The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas. Edited by Jan N. Bremmer. Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 6. Leuven: Peeters, 2001.

Burkitt, Francis Crawford. Early Eastern Christianity. London: J. Murray, 1904.

———. “The Christian Church in the East.” Edited by J.B. Bury. The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1939.

Burrus, Virginia. Chastity as Autonomy: Women in the Stories of the Apocryphal Acts. Vol. 23. Lewiston and Queenston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1987.

Cartlidge, David R. “Transfigurations of Metamorphosis Traditions in the Acts of John, Thomas, and Peter.” Semeia 38 (1986): 53–66.

Cartlidge, David R., and J. K. Elliott. Art and Christian Apocrypha. London: Routledge, 2001.

Centore, Giuseppe. “Lo Gnosticismo E Il Canto Dell Perla.” Studi Storici E Religiosi 5.2 (1996): 153–76.

Chadwick, Henry. “Enkrateia.” RAC 5 (1960): 343–65.

Colpe, C. Die Religionsceschichtliche Schule: Darstellung Und Kritik Ihres Bildes Vom Gnostischen Erlösermythos. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1961.

Czachesz, István. Commission Narratives: A Comparative Study of the Canonical and Apocryphal Acts. Leuven: Peeters, 2007.

Davies, Stevan L. “The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: An Introduction.” CBQ 71.3 (2009): 649–50.

———. The Revolt of the Widows: The Social World of the Apocryphal Acts. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1980.

———. “The Social World of the Apocryphal Acts.” Ph.D. diss., Temple University, 1978.

Desreumaux, Alain. “Les apocryphes et les milieux monastiques syriaques.” Pages 129–34 in Le monachisme syriaque: aux premiers siècles de l’Eglise, IIe-début VIIe siècle. Antélias, Liban: Editions du CERP, 1998.

Duchesne, L. “Les aciens recueils des légendes apostoliques.” Pages 67–79 in Compte Rendu Du Troisième Congrès Scientifique International Des Catholiques Tenu À Bruxelles Du 3 Au 8 Septembre 1894 … Vol. 5. Bruxelles: Société belge de librairie, 1895.

Elliott, Alison Goddard. Roads to Paradise: Reading the Lives of the Early Saints. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1987.

Elliott, James Keith. “The Apocryphal Acts.” ExpT 105 (1993): 71–77.

———. “The Influence of the Apocrypha on Manuscripts of the New Testament.” Apocrypha 8 (1997): 265–72.

———. “The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles in Intertextual Perspectives.” ExpT 111.7 (2000): 236–37.

Findlay, Adam Fyfe. Byways in Early Christian Literature; Studies in the Uncanonical Gospels and Acts … Kerr Lectures 1920–1921. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1923.

Gallagher, Eugene V. “Conversion and Salvation in the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” SecCent 8 (1991): 13–29.

Gasparro, Giulia Sfamemi. “Le motivazioni protologiche dell’Enkrateia nel cristianesimo dei primi secoli e nello Gnosticismo.” Pages 149–261 in La tradizione dell’Enkrateia.  Edited by Ugo Bianchi.  Rome: Ateneo, 1985.

Hamman, A. “Sitz Im Leben Des Actes Apocryphes Du Nouveau Testament.” Pages 62–69 in Studia Patristica VIII. TUGAL 93. Berlin, 1966.

Herceg, Pál. “The Sermons of the Book of Acts and the Apocryphal Acts.” Pages 153–70 in The Apocryphal Acts of John. Edited by Jan. N. Bremmer. SAAA 1. Kampen: Kok Pharos, 1995.

Hertling, Ludwig. “Literarisches zu den apokryphen Apostelakten.” ZKT 49.2 (1925): 219–43.

Hopkins, Keith. A World Full of Gods: The Strange Triumph of Christianity. New York: Free Press, 2000.

Hunt, Hannah. Clothed in the Body: Asceticism, the Body and the Spiritual in the Late Antique Era. Farnham, Surrey, England and Burlington, VT: Routledge, 2012.

Jakob, A. “Actes de Jean: État de la recherche (1982–1999).” Rivista di Storia e Letteratura Religiosa 36 (2000): 299–334.

Jones, F Stanley. “Principal Orientations on the Relations between the Apocryphal Acts (Acts of Paul and Acts of John; Acts of Peter and Acts of John).” SBLSP 32 (1993): 485–505.

Jordan, Hermann. Geschichte Der Altchristlichen Literatur. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer, 1911.

Junod, Éric. “Origène, Eusèbe et la tradition sur la répartition des champs de mission des apôtres (Eusèbe, HE III 1,1-3).” Les Actes apocryphes des apôtres: christianisme et monde païen. Edited by François Bovon. Genève: Labor et Fides, 1981.

———. “Créations romanesque et traditions ecclésiastiques dans les Actes apocryphes des apôtres.” Aug 23 (1983): 271–85.

Junod, Éric, and Jean-Daniel Kaestli. L’histoire des actes apocryphes des apôtres du Ille au IX siècle. CRThph 7. Lausanne: Faculté de théologie, 1982.

Kaestli, Jean-Daniel. “Fiction littéraire et réalité sociale: Que peut-on savoir de la place des femmes dans le milieu de production des Actes apocryphes des apôtre?” Apocrypha 1 (1990): 279–302.

———. “Les scènes d’attribution des champs de mission et de départ de l’apôtre dans les Actes apocryphes.” Pages 249–64 in Les Actes apocryphes des apôtres: christianisme et monde païen. Edited by François Bovon. Genève: Labor et Fides, 1981.

———. “Les principales orientations de la recherche sur les actes apocryphes.” Pages 49–67 in Les Actes Apocryphes des Apôtres: christianisme et monde païen. Edited by François Bovon. Publications de la Faculté de théologie de l’Université de Genève no 4. Genève: Editions Labor et Fides, 1981.

Kampen, Lieuwe van. Apostelverhalen: Doel En Compositie van de Oudste Apokriefe Handelingen Der Aposteln. Sliedrecht: Merweboek, 1990.

Kerenyi, Karl. The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: An Introduction. Translated by Brian McNeil. Waco: Baylor University Press, 2008. English trans. of Apokryphe Apostelakten. Stuttgart: Katholisches Bibelwerk, 2005.

Klauck, Hans-Josef. “Himmlisches Haus Und Irdische Bleibe: Eschatologische Metaphorik in Antike Und Christentum.” NTS 50.1 (2004): 5–35.

———. The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: An Introduction. Translated by Brian McNeil. Waco: Baylor University Press, 2008. English trans. of Apokryphe Apostelakten. Stuttgart: Katholisches Bibelwerk, 2005.

Klijn, A. F. J. “The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” VC 37 (1983): 193–99.

Kraemer, Ross S. “The Conversion of Women to Ascetic Forms of Christianity.” Signs 6.2 (1980): 298–307.

Kroll, Josef. Gott und hölle, der mythos vom descensuskampfe. Studien der Bibliothek Warburg … XX. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1932.

Larsson, Kristian. “Intertextual Density, Quantifying Imitation.” JBL 133.2 (2014): 309–31.

Lemm, Oscar von. “Koptische Apokryphe Apostelacten.” Bulletin de l’Academie Imperiale Des Sciences de St. Petersbourg 1 [33].4 (1890): 509–81.

Levine, Amy-Jill and Maria Mayo Robbins. A Feminist Companion to the New Testament Apocrypha. Feminist Companion to the New Testament and Early Christian Writings 11. Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 2006.

Loewenich, Walther von. “Die Petrus-, Andreas-, Paulus-, und Thomas-Akten.” Pages 109–12 in Das Johannes-Verständnis im zweiten Jahrhundert. BZNW 13. Gießen: Töpelmann, 1932.

MacDonald, Dennis Ronald. “Which Came First? Intertextual Relationships Among the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” Semeia 80 (1997): 11–41.

———. “The Role of Women in the Production of the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” Iliff Review 40 (1984): 21–38.

Macke, Karl. “Syrische Lieder Gnostischen Ursprungs.” Tübinger Theologische Quartalschrift 56 (1874): 1–70.

Marx, Friedrich. Filastrius, Diversarum Hereseon Liber. CSEL 38. Prague – Vienna – Leipzig: Academiae Litterarum Caesareae, 1889.

McNamara, Martin. The Apocrypha in the Irish Church. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1975.

Morard, Françoise. “Souffrance et martyre dans les actes apocryphes des apotres.” Pages 95–108 in Les Actes Apocryphes Des Apôtres Des Apôtres. Edited by François Bovon. Genève: Editions Labor et Fides, 1981.

Moss, Candida. Ancient Christian Martyrdom: Diverse Practices, Theologies, and Traditions. The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library. Yale: Anchor Yale Bible, 2012.

Niederwimmer, Kurt. Askese und Mysterium: Über Ehe. Ehescheidung und Eheverzicht in den Anfängen des christlichen Glaubens. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1975.

Peeters, Paul. “Traductions et Traducteurs Dans L’hagiographie Orientale À L’époque Byzantine.” AnBoll 40 (1922): 241–98.

Perkins, Judith. “This World or Another? The Intertextuality of the Greek Romances, the Apocryphal Acts and Apuleius’ Metamorphoses.” Semeia 80 (1997): 247–60.

———. “The Apocryphal Acts and Early Christian Martyrdom.” Arethusa 18 (1985): 211–30.

Perry, Ben Edwin. The Ancient Romances: A Literary-Historical Account of Their Origins. University of California Press, 1967.

Pervo, Richard I. “Narratives about the Apostles; Non-canonical Acts and Related Literature.” Pages 65–89 in Oxford Handbook to the Christian Apocrypha. Edited by Andrew Gregory and Christopher Tuckett. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

———. “The Role of the Apostles.” Pages 306–18 in Oxford Handbook to the Christian Apocrypha. Edited by Andrew Gregory and Christopher Tuckett. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

———. “Rhetoric in the Christian Apocrypha.” Pages 793–805 in A Handbook of Classical Rhetoric in the Hellenistic Period 330B.C.–A.D. 400. Edited by Stanley Porter. Leiden: Brill, 1998.

———. “Egging on the Chickens: A Cowardly Response to Dennis MacDonald and Then Some.” Semeia 80 (1997): 43–56.

———. “Early Christian Fiction.” Greek Fiction. The Greek Novel in Context. Edited by J. R. Morgan and R. Stoneman. London, New York: Routledge, 1994.

———. Profit with Delight: The Literary Genre of the Acts of the Apostles. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1987.

Photius. The Library of Photius. Translated by John Henry Freese. Translations of Christian literature I: Greek Texts. London: SPCK and New York: Macmillan, 1920.

Piontek, Ferdinand. Die Katholische Kirche Und Die Häretischen Apostelgeschichten Bis Zum Ausgange Des 6. Jahrhunderts: Ein Beitrag Zur Literaturgeschichte. Breslau: R. Nischkowsky, 1907.

Platner, J. W. “The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” Edited by Carl Schmidt. AmJT 8.3 (1904): 592–96.

Plümacher, Eckhard. “Apokryphe Apostelakten.” Col. 11–70 in Real-Encyclopädie Der Klassischen Altertumswissenschaft. Supplementbände 15, 1978.

Powell, Kathryn, and D. G. Scragg. Apocryphal Texts and Traditions in Anglo-Saxon England. Vol. 2. Publications of the Manchester Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2003.

Radermacher, Ludwig. Hippolytus und Thekla: Studien zur Geschichte von Legende und Kultus. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, philosophisch­historische Klasse, 182/3; Vienna: Holder, 1916.

Reardon, Bryan P. The Form of the Greek Romance. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.

———. Courants littéraires grecs: des IIe et IIIe siècles après J.-C. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1971.

Reitzenstein, Richard. Hellenistische Wundererzählungen. Leipzig: Teubner, 1906.

———. Himmelswanderung und drachenkampf in der alchemistischen und frühchristlichen literatur. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1916.

———. Historia Monachorum Und Historia Lausiaca. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1916.

———. Die Göttin Psyche. Heidelberg: Sitzungberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1917.

———. Das Iranische Erlösungsmysterium; Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen. Bonn a. Rh.: A. Marcus & E. Weber, 1921.

———. “Iranischer Erlösungsglaube.” ZNW 20 (1921): 1–23.

———. “Gedanken Zur Entwicklung Des Erlöserglaubens.” Historische Zeitschrift 126 (1922): 1–57.

Rostalski, Friedrich. Sprachliches zu den apokryphen Apostelgeschichten. 2 vols. Rölle, 1909–1911.

Sandnes, Karl Olav. “Seal and Baptism in Early Christianity.” Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity = Waschungen, Initiation Und Taufe: Spätantike, Frühes Judentum Und Frühes Christentum. Edited by David Hellholm. BZNW 176. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2011.

Schenke, Hans-Martin. Der Gott “Mensch” in der Gnosis: ein religionsgeschichtlicher Beitrag zur Diskussion über die paulinische Anschauung von der Kirche als Leib Christi. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1962.

Schermann, Theodor. Propheten- Und Apostellegenden, Nebst Jüngerkatalogen Des Dorotheus Und Verwandter Texte. Bearbeitet Von D.T. Schermann. Leipzig: Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung, 1907.

Schmidt, Karl Ludwig. Kanonische und apokryphe Evangelien und Apostelgeschichten. Basel: Majer, 1944.

Schneemelcher, Wilhelm. Gesammelte Aufsätze zum Neuen Testament und zur Patristik. Thessaloniki: Patriarchal Institute for Patristic Studies, 1974.

Siegert, Folker. “Analyses Rhétoriques et Stylistiques Portant Sur Les Actes de Jean et Les Actes de Thomas.” Apocrypha 8 (1997): 231–50.

Skeat, Walter W., ed. Aelfric’s Lives of Saints: Being a Set of Sermons on Saints’ Days Formerly Observed by the English Church. Early English Text Society. Original series, 76, 82, 94, 114 76, 82, NaN, 114. London and New York: N. Trübner & Co., 1881.

Snyder, Julia. “Paul as a Character in Early Christian Narratives.” Pages 109-25 in The Oxford Handbook on Pauline Studies, edited by Matthew V. Novenson and R. Barry Matlock. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022.

———. “Acts of John, Acts of Peter, Acts of Thecla, 3 Corinthians, Martyrdom of Paul.” Pp. 363–385 in The Reception of Jesus in the First Three Centuries, Volume 2. Edited by Jens Schröter and Christine Jacobi. London: Bloomsbury T. & T. Clark, 2019.

———. “Relationships between the Acts of the Apostles and Other Apostle Narratives.” Pages 319–41 in Between Canonical and Apocryphal Texts: Processes of Reception, Rewriting and Interpretation in Early Judaism and Early Christianity. Edited by Jörg Frey, Claire Clivaz, and Tobias Nicklas. WUNT 419. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2015.

Söder, Rosa. Die Apokryphen Apostelgeschichten und die Romanhafte Literatur der Antike. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1932.

Solevåg, Anna Rebecca. “A Feminist Companion to the New Testament Apocrypha.” Theology and Sexuality 18.1 (2012): 106–8.

Spittler, Janet E. Animals in the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles. WUNT 2 247. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2008 (on Acts of Paul, see 156–98).

———. “Christianity at the Edges: Representations of the Ends of the Earth in the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” Pages 353–77 in The Rise and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries of the Common Era. Edited by Clare K. Rothschild and Jens Schröter. WUNT 301. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013), 353–77.

Sturhahn, C. L. Die Christologie Der Ältesten Apokryphen Apostelakten. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1952.

Tissot, Yves. “Encratisme et Actes apocryphes.” Pages 109–19 in Les actes apocryphes. Les actes apocryphes des apôtres. Edited by François Bovon. Genève: Editions Labor et Fides, 1981.

Uytfanghe, M. Van. “Encratisme En Verborgen Erotiek in de Apocriefe ‘Apostelromans.’ Omtrent de Christelijke Problematisering van de Sexualiteit.” Handelingen van de Koninklijke Zuidnederlandse Maatschappij voor Taal-en Letterkunde en Geschiedenis 45 (1991): 175–94.

Weigandt, Peter. “Der Doketismus Im Urchristentum Und in Der Theologischen Entwicklung Des Zweiten Jahrhunderts.” 2 vols. PhD diss: Ruprecht-Karls-Universität-Heidelberg, 1961.

Weis-Liebersdorf, Johannes Evangelista. Christus- und apostelbilder. Einfluss der apokryphen auf die ältesten Kunsttypen. Freiburg: Herdersche Verlagshandlung, 1902.

Widengren, Geo. “Der Iranische Hintergrund Der Gnosis.” ZRGG 4.2 (1952): 97–114.

———. “Stand Und Aufgaben Der Iranischen Religionsgeschichte.” Numen 1.1 (1954): 16–83.

———. The Ascension of the Apostle and the Heavenly Book: King and Saviour III. Årsskrift. Universitet Uppsala 7. Uppsala: Lundequistska Bokhandeln, 1950.

Winkler, Gabriele. “Weitere Beobachtungen Zur Frühen Epiklese (Den Doxologien Und Dem Sanctus). Über Die Bedeutung Der Apokryphen Für Die Erforschung Der Entwicklung Der Riten.” OrChr 80 (1996): 177–200.

Zumstein, Jean. “L’apôtre comme martyr.” RTP 112 (1980): 371–90.

3.3.2 Acts of Paul

Alfonsi, Luigi. “Ecchi protrettici di un passo del papiro amburghese delle Πράξεις Παύλου.” Aegyptus 30 (1950) 67–71.

Amann, Émile. “Les Actes de Paul.” DBSup 1:494–96.

Attridge, Harold W. “Acts of Paul.” Pages 234–52 in Early New Testament Apocrypha. Edited by J. Christopher Edwards. Ancient Literature for New Testament Studies 9. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2022.

Babcock, William S. Paul and the Legacies of Paul. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1990.

Barnikol, Ernst. “Das Fehlen der Spanienreise, der vor-und nichtpaulinischen Romgemeinde und des paulinischen ‘Rombriefes’ in den Paulusakten.” Theologisches Jahrbuch 2 (1934): 103–14.

Barns, J. W. B. “Appendix II.” Pages 570–78 in The Apocryphal New Testament. Edited by Montague Rhodes James. 2d ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1953.

———. “Pauline Controversies in the Post-Pauline Period.” NTS 21 (1974–1975): 229–45.

Bauckham, R. J.  “The Acts of Paul as a Sequel to Acts.” Pages 105–52 in The Book of Acts in Its Ancient Literary Setting. Edited by B. W. Winter and A. D. Clarke. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans; Carlisle: Paternoster Press, 1993.

__________. “The Acts of Paul: Replacement of Acts or Sequel to Acts.” Semeia 80 (1997): 159–68.

Baumstark, Anton. Die Petrus und Paulus-Akten in der literarischen Überlieferung der syrischen Kirche. Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 1902.

Bianchi, Ugo, ed. La Tradizione dell’Enkrateia: motiviazioni ontologiche e protologiche. Rome: Ateneo, 1985.

Boer, Martinus C. de. “Images of Paul in the Post-Apostolic Period.” CBQ 42 (1980): 359–80.

Bolyki, János. “Events after the Martyrdom: Missionary Transformation of an Apocalyptical Metaphor in Martyrium Pauli.” Pages 92–106 in The Apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla. Edited by Jan N. Bremmer. Studies on the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles 2. Kampen: Kok Pharos, 1996.

Bovon, François. “A New Citation of the Acts of Paul in Origen,” Pages 267–70 in Studies in Early Christianity. Edited by Jörg Frey. WUNT 161. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 2003.

———. “Une nouvelle citation des Actes de Paul chez Origène.” Apocrypha 5 (1994): 113–­17.

Bremmer, Jan.  “The Onomastics and Provenance of the Acts of Paul.”  Pages 527–47 in Philologie, Herméneutique et Histoire des Textes Entre Orient et Occident: Mélanges en hommage à Sever J. Voicu.  Edited by Francesca P. Barone, Caroline Macé, and Pablo A Ubierna.  Instrumenta Patristica et Mediaevalia 73.  Turnhout: Brepolis, 2017.

__________.  “The Portrait of the Apostle Paul in the Apocryphal Acts of Paul.”  Pages 415–34 in Figurationen des Porträts.  Edited by Thierry Grueb and Martin Roussel.  Morphomata 35.  Leiden: Brill, 2018.

Brock, Ann Graham. “Genre of the Acts of Paul.” Apocrypha 5 (1994): 119–36.

———. “Political Authority and Cultural Accomodation: Social Diversity in the Acts of Paul and the Acts of Peter.” Pages 145–70 in The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: Harvard Divinity School Studies. Edited by François Bovon, Ann Graham Brock, and Christopher R. Matthews. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Büllesbach, Claudia. “Das Verhältnis der Acta Pauli zur Apostelgeschichte des Lukas: Darstellung und Kritik der Forschungsgeschichte.” Pages 215–37 in Das Ende des Paulus: Historische, theologische und literaturgeschichtliche Aspekte. Edited by F. W. Horn. BZNW 106. Berlin: Töpelmann, 2001.

Callahan, Allen Dwight. “Dead Paul: The Apostle as Martyr in Philippi.” Pages 67–84 in Philippi at the Time of Paul and after His Death. Edited by Charlambos Bakirtiz and Helmut Koester. Harrisburg: Trinity, 1998.

Clemen, Carl. “Miszellen zu den Paulusakten.” ZNW 5 (1904): 228–47.

Corssen, Peter. “Der Schluß der Paulusakten.” ZNW 6 (1905): 317–38.

———. “Die Urgestalt der Paulusakten.” ZNW 4 (1903): 22–47.

Cothenet, É. “Les Actes de Paul.” Esprit & Vie 117 (2007): 17–23.

Czachesz, István. “The Acts of Paul and the Western Text of Luke’s Acts: Paul between Canon and Apocrypha.” Pages 107–25 in The Apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla. Edited by Jan N. Bremmer. Studies on the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles 2. Kampen: Pharos Publishing House, 1996.

Dassmann, Ernst. Der Stachel im Fleisch: Paulus in der frühchristlichen Literatur bis Irenäus. Münster: Aschendorff, 1979.

Davies, Stevan L. “Women, Tertullian, and the Acts of Paul.” Semeia 38 (1986): 139–43.

Deeleman, C. F. M. “Acta Pauli.” TS 26 (1908): 1–44.

Devos, Paul. “Actes de Thomas et Actes de Paul.” AnBoll 69 (1951:) 119–30.

Dobschütz, Ernst von. “Die wiedergefundenen Akten des Paulus.” NKZ 8 (1897): 933–40.

Dolger, Franz Josef. “Der heidnische Glaube an die Kraft des Fürbittgebetes für die vorzeitig Gestorbenen nach den Theklaakten.” Antike und Christentum 2 (1930): 13–16.

Drijvers, H. J. W. “Der getaufte Löwe und die Theologie der Acta Pauli.” Pages 181–89 in Carl Schmidt Kolloquium an der Martin Luther Universität 1988. Edited by Peter Nagel. Kongress und Tagungsberichte der Martin Luther Universität, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle: Abt. Wissenschaftspublizistik der Martin-Luther-Universität, 1990.

Dunn, Peter W. “The Acts of Paul and the Pauline Legacy in the Second Century.” Ph.D. diss., University of Cambridge, 1996.

———. “The Influence of 1 Corinthians on the Acts of Paul.” SBLSP 35 (1996): 438–54.

———. “Women’s Liberation, the Acts of Paul, and Other Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: A Review of Some Recent Interpreters.” Apocrypha 4 (1993): 245–61.

Eastman, David L.  Paul the Martyr: The Cult of the Apostle Paul the Martyr in the Latin West.  WGRWS 4.  Atlanta: SBL, 2011.

Findlay, Adam Fyfe. Byways in Early Christian Literature; Studies in the Uncanonical Gospels and Acts … Kerr Lectures 1920–1921. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1923 (pp. 238–72).

Gregory, Andrew. “The Acts of Paul and the Legacy of Paul.” Pages 169–89 in Paul and the Second Century. Edited by Michael F. Bird and Joseph R. Dodson. LNTS. London: T&T Clark, 2011.

Harnack, Adolf von. “Die Entdeckung resp. Identifizierung der Πράξεις Παύλου.” TLZ 24 (1897): 625–29.

———. Drei wenig beachtete cyprianische Schriften und die Acta Pauli. TU 19/3b. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1899.

———. “Zu den Acta Pauli.” Pages 100–106 in Miscellen zu den Apostolischen Vätern, den Acta Pauli, Apelles uzw. TU 5/3. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1900.

———. “Der apocryphe Briefwechsel des Paulus mit den Korinther.” Pages 3–35 in  Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Berlin, 1905.

Heimgartner, Martin “Paulusakten.” Pages 441–42 in vol. 9 of DNP. Edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider. Stuttgart and Weimar: J. B. Metzler, 2000.

Herczeg, P. “New Testament Parallels to the Acta Pauli Documents.” Pages 150–63 in The Apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla. Edited by Jan N. Bremmer. Studies on the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles 2. Kampen: Pharos Publishing House, 1996.

Hilhorst, A. “Tertullian on the Acts of Paul.” Pages 150–63 in The Apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla. Edited by Jan N. Bremmer. Studies on the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles 2. Kampen: Pharos Publishing House, 1996.

Hills, Julian V. “The Acts of Paul and the Legacy of the Lukan Acts.” Semeia 80 (1997): 145–58.

———. “The Acts of the Apostles in the Acts of Paul.” Pages 1–47 in SBL Seminar Papers, 1994. Edited by E. H. Lovering, Jr. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1994.

James, Montague Rhodes. “A Note on the Acta Pauli.” JTS 6 (1904/1905): 244–46.

———. “The Acts of Titus and the Acts of Paul.” JTS 6 (1904/1905): 549–56.

Karasszon, I. “Heroism in the Acts of Paul and in the Bible.” Pages 179–90 in The Apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla. Edited by Jan N. Bremmer. Studies on the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles 2. Kampen: Pharos Publishing House, 1996.

Klauk, Hans-Josef. The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: An Introduction. Translated by Brian McNeil. Waco: Baylor University Press, 2008. English trans. of Apokryphe Apostelakten. Stuttgart: Katholisches Bibelwerk, 2005 (pp. 61–92).

Krüger, Gustav. “Der getaufte Löwe: Bemerkungen zu Tert., bapt. 17 und Hieron., de vir. ill. 7.” ZNW 5 (1904) 163–66.

Kurfeß, Anton. “Zu dem Hamburger Papyrus der Πράξεις Παύλου.” ZNW 38 (1939): 164–70.

Lalleman, Pieter J. “Resurrection in the Acts of Paul.” Pages 126–41 in The Apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla. Edited by Jan N. Bremmer. Studies on the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles 2. Kampen: Pharos Publishing House, 1996.

Lindemann, Andreas. Paulus im ältesten Christentum: Das Bild des Apostels und die Rezeption der paulinischen Theo1ogie in der frühchristlichen Literatur his Marcion (BHTh 58; Tübingen: Mohr [Siebeck], 1979.

Lipsius, Richard Adelbert. Die apokryphen Apostelgeschichten und Apostellegenden: Ein Beitrag zur altchristlichen Literaturgeschichte. 2 vols. Braunschweig: Schwetschke, 1883–1890; reprinted Amsterdam: APA-philo, 1976 (vol. 2.1, pp. 1–284).

MacDonald, Dennis R. “Which Came First? Intertextual Relationships Among the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” Semeia 80 (1997): 11–18.

———. “The Acts of Paul and The Acts of John: Which Came First?” Pages 506–10 in SBL Seminar Papers, 1993. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1993.

———. “The Acts of Paul and The Acts of Peter: Which Came First?” Pages 214–24 in SBL Seminar Papers, 1992. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992.

———. “Apocryphal and Canonical Narratives about Paul.” Pages 55–70 in Paul and the Legacies of Paul. Edited by William S. Babcock. Dallas: Southern Meth­odist UP, 1990.

———. The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon. Philadelphia, PA: Westminster, 1983.

———.“A Conjectural Emendation of 1 Cor 15:31–32: Or the Case of the Misplaced Lion Fight.” HTR 73 (1980): 265–76.

Malina, Bruce J., and Jerome H. Neyrey. “Physiognomics and Personality: Looking at Paul in the Acts of Paul.” Pages 100–52 in Portraits of Paul: an Archeology of Ancient Personality. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996.

Marguerat, Daniel. “The Acts of Paul and the Canonical Acts: A Phenomenon of Rereading.” Semeia 80 (1997): 169–83.

Marguerat, Daniel, and Walter Rebell. “Les Actes des Paul: un portrait inhabituel de l’apôtre.” Pages 107–24 in Le mystère apocryphe. Edited by Jean-Daniel Kaestli and Daniel Marguerat. Essais bibliques 26. Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1995.

McDowell, Sean. The Fate of the Apostles: Examining the Martyrdom Accounts of the Closest Followers of Jesus. Abindgon: Ashgate, 2008. Repr. London and New York: Routledge, 2015 (pp. 93–114).

Metzger, Bruce M. “St. Paul and the Baptized Lion: Apocryphal vs. Canonical Books of the New Testament.” Princeton Seminary Bulletin 39/2 (1945): 11–21.

Peeters, Paul. “Notes sur le legende des apôtres S. Pierre et S. Paul dans la littérature syrienne.” AnBoll 21 (1902): 121–40.

Pervo, Richard I. “The Hospitality of Onesiphorus: Missionary Styles and Support in the Acts of Paul.” Pages 341–51 in The Rise and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries of the Common Era. Edited by Clare K. Rothschild and Jens Shröter. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013.

_____. “(Not) Appealing to the Emperor: Acts (and the Acts of Paul).” Pages 165–79 in Paul and the Heritage of Israel: Paul’s Claim upon Israel’s Legacy in Luke and Acts in Light of the Pauline Letters. Edited by David P Moessner, Daniel Marguerat, Mikeal C. Parsons, and Michael Wolter. London: T&T Clark, 2012.

_____. “Shepherd of the Lamb: Paul as a Christ-Figure in the Acts of Paul.” Pages 355–69 in Portraits of Jesus: Studies in Christology. Edited by Susan E. Myers. WUNT 321. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2012.

_____. “God and Planning: Footprints of Providence in Acts and in the Acts of Paul.” Pages 259–77 in Method and Meaning: Festschrift for Harold Attridge. Edited by Andrew McGowan. Atlanta: SBL, 2011.

_____. The Making of Paul: Constructions of the Apostle in Early Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 2010.

_____. “A Hard Act to Follow: The Acts of Paul and the Canonical Acts.” Journal of Higher Criticism 2 (1995): 3–32.

Peterson, Erik. “Die Acta Xanthippae et Polyxenae und die Paulusakten.” AnBoll 65 (1947): 57–60.

__________. “Einige Bemerkungen zum Hamburger Papyrus-Fragment der Acta Pauli.” VC 3 (1949): 149–62.

Rensberger, David K. “As the Apostle Teaches: The Development of the Use of Paul’s Letters in Second-Century Christianity.” Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1981.

Rohde, Johannes. “Pastoralbriefe und ActaPauli.” Studia Evangelia 5. TU 103.2. Berlin: Akademie, 1968 (pp. 303–10).

Rolffs, Ernst.  “Paulusakten,” Pages 192–212 in Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in Verbindung mit Fachgelehrten in deutscher und mit Einleitungen. Edited by Edgar Hennecke. 2nd ed. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1924.

———. “Das Problem der Paulusakten.” Pages 135–48 in Harnack-Ehrung. Leipzig: J. C. Hin­richs, 1921.

Rordorf, Willy. “Quelques jalons pour une interprétation symbolique des Actes de Paul.” Pages 251–65 in Early Christian Voices: In Texts, Traditions, and Symbols. Edited by David H. Warren, Ann Graham Brock, and David W. Pao. Leiden: Brill, 2003.

———. “The Relation between the Acts of Peter and the Acts of Paul: State of the Question.” Pages 178ª91 in The Apocryphal Acts of Peter: Magic, Miracles, and Gnosticism Edited by Jan N. Bremmer. Leuven: Peeters, 1998.

_____. “Paul’s Conversion in the Canonical Acts and in the Acts of Paul.” Semeia 80 (1997): 137–44.

———. “Was wissen wir über Plan und Absicht der Paulusakten?” Pages 71–82 in Oecumenica et Patristica: Festschrift für Wilhelm Schneemelcher zum 75. Geburtstag. Edited by In Damaskinos Papandreou, Wolfgang A. Bienert, and Knut Schäferdiek. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1989. Republished as pages 485–96 in Lex Orandi–Lex Credendi: Gesammelte Aufsätze zum 60. Geburtstag. Paradosis 36. Freiburg: Universitätsverlag Freiburg in der Schweiz, 1993.

———. “Tertullien et les Actes de Paul.” Pages 475–84 in Lex Orandi–Lex Credendi: Gesammelte Aufsätze zum 60. Geburtstag. Paradosis 36. Freiburg: Universitätsverlag Freiburg in der Schweiz, 1993.

———. “Tertullien et les Actes de Paul (à propos de bapt. 17, 5).” Pages 151–60 in vol. 2 of Autour de Tertullien: Hommage à René Braun. Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Nice 56. Paris: “Les Belles Lettres,” 1990.

———. “Nochmals: Paulusakten und Pastoralbriefe.” Pages 319–27 in Tradition and Interpretation in the New Testament: Essays in Honor of E. Earle Ellis. Edited by Gerald F. Hawthorne with Otto Betz. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans; Tübingen: Mohr [Siebeck], 1987.

———. “Die neronische Christenverfolgung im Spiegelder apokryphen Paulusakten.” NTS 28 (1982): 365–74.

———. “Marriage in the New Testament and in the Early Church.” JEH 20 (1969): 193–210.

Schmidt, Carl. “Acta Pauli.” FF 12 (1936): 352–54.

———. “Die alten Paulusakten in neuer Beleuchtung.” FFS 5 (1929): 266–68.

———. “Acta Pauli.” Forschungen und Fortschritte 28 (1936): 352-4.

———. Acta Pauli aus der Heidelberger koptischen Papyrushandschrift. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1904.

———. “Neue Funde zu den alten Πράξεις Παύλου.” Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (28 Feb. 1929): 176–83.

Schneemelcher, Wilhelm. “Die Acta Pauli: Neue Funde und neue Aufgaben.” TLZ 89 (1964): 241–54. Reprinted as pages 182–203 in Wilhelm Schneemelcher, Gesammelte Aufsätze zum Neuen Testament und zur Patristik. Edited by W. Bienert and K. Schäferdiek. Thessaloniki: Patriarchal Institute for Patristic Studies, 1974.

———. “Die Apostelgeschichte des Lukas und die Acta Pauli.” Pages 236–50 in Apophoreta; Festschrift Ernst Haenchen. Edited by Walther Eltester. BZNW 30. Berlin: Topelmann, 1964. Reprinted as pages 204–22 in Wilhelm Schneemelcher, Gesammelte Aufsätze zum Neuen Testament und zur Patristik. Edited by W. Bienert and K. Schäferdiek. Thessaloniki: Patriarchal Institute for Patristic Studies, 1974.

———. “Der getaufte Löwe in den Acta Pauli.” Pages 316–26 in Mullus: Festschrift Theodor Klauser. Edited by Alfred Stuiber and Alfred Hermann. JACSup. 1. Munster; Aschendorff, 1964. Reprinted as pages 223–49 in Wilhelm Schneemelcher, Gesammelte Aufsätze zum Neuen Testament und zur Patristik. Edited by W. Bienert and K. Schäferdiek. Thessaloniki: Patriarchal Institute for Patristic Studies, 1974.

———. “Paulus in der griechischen Kirche des zweiten Jahrhunderts.” ZTK 75 (1964): 1–20. Reprinted as pages 154–81 in Wilhelm Schneemelcher, Gesammelte Aufsätze zum Neuen Testament und zur Patristik. Edited by W. Bienert and K. Schäferdiek. Thessaloniki: Patriarchal Institute for Patristic Studies, 1974.

Sellew, Melissa (née Philip). “Paul, Acts of,” and “Paul, Martyrdom of.” Pages 202–203, 204–205 in vol. 5 of The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by David Noel Freedman. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

Snyder, Glenn E. “History of the Martyrdom of Paul.” Pages 343–74 in The Last Years of Paul: Essays from the Tarragona Conference. Edited by Armand Puig i Tàrrech, John M. G. Barclay, Jörg Frey, and Orrey McFarland. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2015.

_____. The Acts of Paul: The Formation of a Pauline Corpus. WUNT 2.352. Tübigen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013.

———. “Remembering the Acts of Paul.” Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 2010.

Snyder, Julia. “Apostles and Politics in the Roman Empire.” Pages 227–56 in Reading the Political in Jewish and Christian Texts. Edited by Julia A. Snyder and Korinna Zamfir. Biblical Texts and Studies 38. Leuven: Peeters, 2020.

Souter, Alexander. “The ‘Acta Pauli’ etc. in Tertullian.” JTS 25 (1924): 292.

Stoops, Robert F. Jr. “Peter, Paul, and Priority in the Apocryphal Acts.” Pages 225–33 in SBL Seminar Papers, 1992. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992.

Tajra, Harry W. The Martyrdom of St. Paul: Historical and Judicial Context, Traditions and Legends. WUNT 2.67. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1994.

Thompson, J. David. A Critical Concordance to the New Testament Acts: Acts of Paul. Edited by Watson E. Mills and David Noel Freedman. The Computer Bible 44.1-2. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen, 2001.

White, Benjamin. Remembering Paul: Ancient and Modern Contests over the Image of the Apostle. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.