Tiburtine Sibyl

Sibylla Tiburtina

Standard abbreviation: Tib. Sib.

Other titles: none

Clavis numbers: ECCA 695; CANT 320; CAVT 275

Category: Apocalypses

Related literature: Apocalypse of Ps.-Methodius; Revelation of Matthew about the End Times; Sybilline Oracles

Status: Chance Bonar, PhD Candidate, Tufts University ([email protected])

Citing this resource (using Chicago Manual of Style): Bonar, Chance. “Tiburtine Sibyl.” e-Clavis: Christian Apocrypha. Accessed DAY MONTH YEAR. https://www.nasscal.com/e-clavis-christian-apocrypha/tiburtine-sibyl/.

Created May 2019. Current as of August 2023.

1. SUMMARY

The Tiburtine Sibyl is an apocalyptic text produced in the fourth century CE regarding the eschatological triumph of the (Christian) Roman Empire. The eponymous main character of the text, the Tiburtine Sibyl, is deemed one of ten Sibyls and a daughter of the Trojan king Priam. She is brought to Rome and provides an eschatological vision to one hundred members of the Roman Senate simultaneously. In this vision, there are nine suns that represent nine generations: some of which are idyllic, some horrid, some relating to the birth of Christ or the spread of the Gospel through the apostles, and some regarding turmoil in the Roman Empire. The Sibyl predicts that sixty years after the reign of Constantine, emperors will cease to rule from Constantinople. The Tiburtine Sibyl also contains the famous tradition of the “Last Emperor,” a figure that also appears in the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius. The Last Emperor will conquer pagan lands, convert the Jews, and go to Jerusalem, where he will relinquish his Roman imperial power to God. The victory of the Last Emperor ends with the defeat of the Antichrist at the hands of Michael on the Mount of Olives.

The Tiburtine Sibyl is best-known in its Latin version, which contains material that dates it to the late fourth century. However, the Latin version also contains various medieval insertions meant to “update” the Sibyl’s prophecies (since Roman emperors did not stop ruling from Constantinople sixty years after Constantine). Such insertions provide lists of kings in the same cryptic manner as the older material’s reference to Constantine as C. This list highlights Lombards, German rulers, and Salian Franks, as well as a particular interest in the rule of Charlemagne. The Latin version is extant in over 130 manuscripts, with various manuscripts extant as well in Greek, Arabic, Ethiopic, and Slavonic.

Named historical figures and characters: Alexander (the Great), Antichrist, Constantine (emperor), Elijah (prophet), Enoch (patriarch), Hecuba, Jesus Christ, Joseph (of Nazareth), Last Emperor, Mary (Virgin), Michael (angel), Priam, Sibyl.

Geographical locations: Cappadocia, Gog, Jerusalem, Magog, Mount of Olives, Pamphylia, Pentapolis, Rome, Syria.

2. RESOURCES

2.1 Art and Iconography

The Tiburtine Sibyl’s Prophecy to the Emperor Augustus Die Sibylle von Tibur, die dem Kaiser Augustus weissagt), painting by the Master of the Tiburtine Sibyl (1475–1495) Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt, 1480–1485.

La Sibilla Tiburtina, fresco in the Church of St. John the Evangelist, Tivoli, 1483.

The Tiburtine Sibyl and the Emperor Augustus, woodcut by Antonio da Trento (1508–1550), Library of Congress.

Augustus and the Sibyl, oil painting by Antoine Caron, 1575–1580, Louvre.

Augustus Altar in the Ara Coeli Church: the twelfth-century altar, located in the Helena Chapel, portrays a kneeling figure of Augustus and a representation of the Virgin and Child in a mandorla. Allegedly written on the original high altar: Nocus quod Caesar tunc Octavianus hanc ara, celi sacra proles cum patet ei (You know that then Caesar Octavian erected this altar, when the offspring of heaven was revealed to him). In Tib. Sib. 3, the Sibyl addresses the citizens of Rome on the Aventine Hill, predicting the life of Jesus during the reign of Augustus.

3. BIBLIOGRAPHY

3.1 Manuscripts and Editions

3.1.1 Arabic

Arab. I

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ancien fonds 102, fols. 175^r–181^v(13th cent.)

Arab. II

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ancien fonds 158 (Colbert 6141), fols. 109^r–117^r (1546/1547)

Arab. III

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ancien fonds 170, fols. 126^r–147^v(15th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ancien fonds 171, fols. 1–11 (17th cent.)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. ar. 58, fols. 164^r–172^v(16th cent.)

Arab. IV

Leeds, University of Leeds, MS 184, fols. 7v–13v (18th cent.)

Unevaluated

Beirut, Bibliothèque Orientale de l’Université Saint Joseph, 624, fols. 152^v–155^v(1658)

3.1.2 Ethiopic

No sigla currently assigned

London, British Library, Add. 16188, fols. 137^v–142^r

London, British Library, Or. 818, fols. 169^r–171^r (18th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Abbadie 134, fols. 110–123 (undated)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Abbadie 193, fols. 9–16 (undated)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Eth. 90, fols. 33^r–34^v (17th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Eth. 123, fols. 252–255 (17th cent.)

Schleifer, Joel. Die Erzählung der Sibylle: Ein Apokryph. Nach den karschunischen, arabischen und äthiopischen Handschriften zu London, Oxford, Paris und Rom. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akad. der Wissensch. in Wien, Phil.-hist. Klasse 53.1. Vienna: Alfred Hölder, 1910 (Garšūnī, Arabic, and Ethiopic texts in parallel, pp. 6–49; translations, pp. 50-73).

3.1.3 Garšūnī

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Hunt. 199, fols. 413–417

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ancien fonds 158 (Colbert 4535), fols. 195^v–202^v (16th cent.)

Ebied, Rifaat Y. and Michael J. L. Young. “An Unrecorded Arabic Version of a Sibylline Prophecy.” OCP 43 (1977): 279–307 (Leeds Arabic MS 184) (edition and translation)

MacDonald, John. Catalogue of Oriental Manuscripts. Vol. 4: MSS 151–200. Leeds: University of Leeds, 1958. (pp. 38–39)

3.1.4 Greek

A Athens, Ethnikē Bibliothēkē tēs Hellados, gr. 2725 (= Suppl. 725), fols. 210^v–219^v (15th/16th cent.) ~ Pinakes

K Mount Athos, Monē Karakallou 14 (Lambros 1527), fol. 280^v–286^v (12th cent.) ~ Pinakes; Athos

Q Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. gr. 1120, fols. 417–423 (14th cent.) ~ Pinakes; DVL

Alexander, Paul J. The Oracle of Baalbek: The Tiburtine Sibyl in Greek Dress. Dumbarton Oaks Studies 10. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1967. (edition princeps; established sigla of Greek MSS; Text on pp. 9–22; translation on pp. 23–29)

3.1.5 Latin

E Escorial, Real Biblioteca, & I. 3., fols. 240–242 (1047 CE)

D Düsseldorf, Universitäts-und Landesbibliothek, MS-C-1, fols. 44–48^v (12th/13th cent.)

P₁ Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Lat. 5390, fols. 233–235^v (12th cent.)

P₂ Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Lat. 5613, fols. 30^v–35 (15th cent.)

Vr Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. reg. 481, fols. 109^v–112^v (11th/12th cent.)

M Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, 18099, fols. 204–206 (13th cent.)

w³ Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 17742, fols. 42–51 (12th cent.)

w²Sackur’s MSS mixed with Byzantine prophecies under Henry IV (1056–1106 CE)

w¹Sackur’s recreation of the oldest Latin recension

B Venerable Bede, Ecclesiastical History, 2 (1563), 351 ff.

G Godfrey of Viterbo, Pantheon, ch. 22

Latin MSS without sigla:

Angers, Bibliothèque publique, 26 (22), fols. 114^v–116^v (12th cent.)

Angers, Bibliothèque publique, 668 (605), fols. 122–124^v (14th cent.)

Augsburg, Staats- und Stadtbibliothek, 2° Cod. 217, 202^v–206^v (15th cent.)

Barcelona, Biblioteca Universitária, 124, fols. 91^v– 93^v (14th/15th cent.)

Bern, Biblioteca Bongarsiana, A.9, fols. 163^v (11th/12th cent.)

Bern, Biblioteca Bongarsiana, 111, fols. 12^v–15 (12th/13th cent.)

Bern, Biblioteca Bongarsiana, 188, fols. 98r–101 (12th cent.)

Bonn, Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 223 (S 279), fol. 119^v (14th cent.)

Breslau, Stadtbibliothek, 205, fols. 223^r–224^r (15th cent.)

Breslau, Stadtbibliothek, R. 436, fols. 143–146^v (12th cent.)

Bruges, Bibliothèque de la ville, 107, fols. 170^r–171^r (13th cent.)

Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale, 1470 (21865), fols. 1–3 (15th cent.)

Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 3178 (7503–18), fols. 67^v–71 (12th cent.)

Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 3714 (5194–96), fols. 101^v–102^v (13th cent.)

Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, 179, fols. 18–21^v (15th cent.)

Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, 404, fols. 1^r–3^v (14th cent.)

Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, 451, fols. 83^v–87^v (12th/13th cent.)

Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College, 91, fols. 196–199 (13th cent.)

Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College, 453 (717), fols. 97^v–100r (14th cent.)

Cambridge, St. John’s College, 107 (E.4), fol. 194^r (12th cent.)

Cambridge, St. John’s College, 184 (G.16), fols. 270^v–273^v (14th cent.)

Cambridge, University Library, Mm.I.16, fols. 21^r–23^v (14th cent.)

Cambridge, University Library, Mm.V.29, fols. 15–19 (12th cent.)

Chicago, Newberry Library, f6, fols. 198–202^v (12th cent.)

Chicago, Newberry Library, f6, fols. 220–224 (12th cent.)

Dublin, Trinity College, Ms 514 (E.5.3), fols. 89^v–92^v (14th cent.)

Erlangen, Universitätsbibliothek, 176, fols. 100^v–104^v (12th cent.)

Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Plut. 89 inf. 41, fols. 103–105 (13th/14th cent.)

Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Ms II.I.75, fols. 75–80 (14th cent.)

Genova, Biblioteca Universitaria, A. III 2, fols. 334–338^v (date unknown)

Glasgow, University Library, U.7.26 (332), fols. 16^v–22 (14th cent.)

Graz, Unviersitätsbibliothek 600 (36/23), fols. 130–132 (14th cent.)

The Hague (‘S–Gravenhage), Koninklijke Bibliotheek, 71. E. 44, fols. 112–116 (1500)

Karlsruhe, Badische Landesbibliotheek CXXXIV, fol. 1 (11th/12th cent.)

Karlsruhe, Badische Landesbibliotheek CCXVIII, fols. 200–201^v (12th cent.)

Krakow, University Library, 2603 AA.XII.5, pp. 536–548 (1429)

Leipzig, Unviersitätsbibliothek 207 (190a), fols. 31–33 (12th/13th cent.)

Lincoln, Cathedral Library, 98 (A.4.6), fols. 15^v–19^v (12th cent.)

London, British Library, Add. Mss. 38665, fols. 80^r–85^r (12th/13th cent.)

London, British Library, Add. Mss. 50003, fols. 220^v–222^v (1273)

London, British Library, Add. Mss. Egerton 810, fols. 104–107^v (12th/13th cent.)

London, British Library, Arundel 326, fols. 60^v–63 (1220–1250)

London, British Library, Cotton Caligula A X, fols. 196–220^v (14th cent.)

London, British Library, Cotton Caligula B VII, fols. 222–224 (13th cent.)

London, British Library, Cotton Caligula A XIII, fols. 104–107 (13th cent.)

London, British Library, Cotton Domitian A XIII, fols. 132^v–134^v (14th cent.)

London, British Library, Cotton Galba E XI, fols. 119^r–120^v (14th cent.)

London, British Library, Cotton Titus D III, fols. 143–147^v (13th cent.)

London, British Library, Cotton Vespasian B XXV, fols. 117^v–123 (12th cent.)

London, British Library, Cotton Vespasian E IV, fols. 143–148 (13th cent.)

London, British Library, Royal 13A XIV, fols. 224–247^v (13th/14th cent.)

London, British Library, Royal 15A XXII, fols. 110–115 (12th cent.)

London, British Library, Royal 15B XI, fols. 67–70 (12th/13th cent.)

London, British Library, Sloane 156, fols. 13–19^v (15th cent.)

London, British Library, Sloane 289, fols. 88–91 (15th cent.)

London, Lambeth Palace, 401, fols. 14^r–18^r (14th cent.)

London, Lambeth Palace, 420, fols. 83^v–88^v (12th/13th cent.)

Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional, 59, fols. 56–57^v (13th/14th cent.)

Melk, Stiftsbibliothek, 59 (1605; B24), fol. 179^v (15th cent.)

Metz, Bibliothèque municipale, 1212, fols. 373–372 (12th cent.)

Milan, Ambrosiana, I 163, fols. 175–177 (15th cent.)

Montpellier, Bibliothèque de la Faculté de Médecine, 142, fols. 232–233^v (13th cent.)

Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, clm 4351, fols. 202–203 (15th cent.)

Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, clm 29107 (12th cent.)

Nancy, Bibliothèque publique, 1547 (1036), fols. 103^v–105 (13th cent.)

New Haven, Yale University Library, Marston 225, fols. 1^v–1^v (14th cent.)

Nürnberg, Stadtbibliothek, Cent. IV 32, fols. 18^r–22^r (13th cent.)

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Auct. F.2.20 (Western 2186), fols. 62–65 (11th cent.)

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Can. Pat. Lat. 1, fols. 66^v–72 (14th cent.)

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Laud. 478, fols. 1–4 (13th/14th cent.)

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Laud. 633, fols. 107^v–108^v (12th cent.)

Oxford, Jesus College, 47, fols. 95–96 (12th cent.)

Oxford, St. John’s College XCVIII, fols. 14–17 (14th cent.)

Paris, Archive Nationales JJ 26, fols. 303–309^v (1220)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Lat. 345, fols. 213^v–215^v (13th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Lat. 4999A, fols. 48–51^v (12th/13th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Lat. 6041A, fols. 124^v–127^v (14th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Lat. 14575, pp. 277^v–280 (15th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Lat. 14669, p. 131 (15th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Lat. 16021, fols. 15^v–18^v (1470)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Lat. 16056, fols. 119^v–121^v (13th/14th cent.)

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Nouv. Acq. Ms. Lat. 1905, fols. 105–105^v(15th cent.)

Praha, Kapituli, 1063 (H.IX), fols. 222–226 (14th cent.)

Praha, University Library, 1810 X.A.7 (Y.II.1 n.7), fols. 283^v–285 (14th cent.)

Praha, University Library, 2678 XIV .H. 33, fols. 62–69^v (13th cent.)

Reims, Bibliotèque municipale 1275 (J.743), fols. 27^v–29^r (13th cent.)

Rein, Stiftsbibliothek 40, fols. 110^v–118^v (12th cent.)

Rouen, Bibliothèque municipale, 486 (A.259), fols. 202^v–205 (12th cent.)

Rouen, Bibliothèque municipal, 1403 (U.134), fols. 62–65 (13th cent.)

Salisbury, Cathedral Library, 146, fols. 1^r–3^v (12th cent.)

Sankt, Gallen Stifsbibliothek, 905, fols. 897–899 (10th cent.)

Solothurn, Zentralbibliothek, S.696 XIV, fols. 36–40 (14th cent.)

Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, 411, fols. 2–4 (1160-1170)

Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, HB III 6, fols. 159–161 (1469)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 642, fols. 94^v–97 (12th cent.) ~ DVL

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 1795, fols. 85v^v–89^r (12th/13th cent.) ~ DVL

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 10611, fols. 201^v–203^v (13th cent.)

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Reg. Lat. 72, fols. 65–66 (12th cent.) ~ DVL

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Reg. Lat. 571, fols. 6–8^v (12th cent.) ~ DVL

Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Reg. Lat. 2080, fols. 164^v–166^v (12th cent.) ~ DVL

Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, 323, fols. 105^v–115^v (12th cent.)

Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, 574, fols. 29–33 (14th cent.)

Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, 3282, fols. 72–79 (16th cent.)

Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, 12465 (suppl. 115), fols. 141–143^v (15th cent.)

Vorau, Stiftsbibliothek, 412, fols. 88–91^v (13th cent.)

Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek Extravagantes, 163, fols. 16–19^v (12th cent.)

Zwettl, Zisterzienserstift, 262, fols. 154^v–159 (12th cent.)

Holdenreid, Anke. The Sibyl and Her Scribes: Manuscripts and Interpretation of the Latin Sibylla Tiburtina c. 1050–1500. Church, Faith, and Culture in the Medieval West. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006 (most recent list of extant MSS)

Kurfess, Alfons. Sibyllinisches Weissagungen: Urtext und Übersetzung. Munich: Heimeren, 1951 (based on E, text and translation on pp. 262–79).

Sackur, Ernst. Sibyllinische Texte und Forschungen: Pseudomethodius, Adso und die tiburtinische Sibylle. Halle: M. Niemeyer, 1898 (editio princeps of the Latin tradition, 114–87).

3.1.6 Old French

Dub Dublin, Trinity College, 951, fols. 83–86 (13th cent.)

Ld London, British Library, Harley 4972, fols. 43–47 (14th cent.)

Ox Oxford, Bodleian Library, Douce 308, fols. 250 (14th cent.)

Pr Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 375, fols. 27–28 (13th cent.)

Rn Rennes, Municipal Library, 593, fols. 163–165 (14th cent.)

Baroin, Jeanne and Josiane Haffen. La Prophétie de la Sibylle tiburtine: edition des MSS B. N. Fr. 375 et Rennes B. M. Fr. 593. Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon 355. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1987.

3.1.7 Middle Welsh

Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales, Peniarth 5, fols. 12^r–14^r (ca. 1350)

3.2 Modern Translations

3.3.1 English

Alexander, Paul J. The Oracle of Baalbek: The Tiburtine Sibyl in Greek Dress. Dumbarton Oaks Studies 10. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1967 (translation, pp. 23–29)

Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd. “The Tiburtine Sibyl (Greek): A New Translation and Introduction.” Pages 176–88 in Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: More Noncanonical Scriptures. Vol. 1. Edited by Richard Bauckham, et al. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2013 (translation of edition by Alexander).

Shoemaker, Stephen. “The Tiburtine Sibyl: A New Translation and Introduction.” Pages 510–25 in New Testament Apocrypha: More Noncanonical Scriptures. MNTA Vol. 1. Edited by Tony Burke and Brent Landau. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2016 (translation of edition by Sackur).

3.3.2 French

Basset, René. La sagesse de Sibylle. Les Apocryphes Éthiopiens 10. Paris: Bibliothèque de la Haute Science, 1900. (Ethiopic MS translation on pp. 27–40; Arabic MS translation on pp. 54–62)

3.3.3 German

Kurfess, Alfons. Sibyllinisches Weissagungen: Urtext und Übersetzung. Munich: Heimeren, 1951 (text and translation based on Latin E, pp. 262–79).

3.3 General Works

Alexander, Paul J. The Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

__________. “Byzantium and the Migration of Literary Works and Motifs: The Legend of the Last Emperor.” Medievalia et Humanistica n. s. 2 (1971): 47–68.

__________. “The Medieval Legend of the Last Roman Emperor and Its Messianic Origin.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 41 (1978): 1–15.

Bonura, Christopher. “When Did the Legend of the Last Emperor Originate? A New Look at the Textual Relationship between the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius and the Tiburtine Sibyl.” Viator 47.3 (2016): 47–100.

Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd. Book III of the Sibylline Oracles and Its Social Setting: With an Introduction, Translation and Commentary. SVTP 17. Leiden: Brill, 2003.

Erdmann, Carl. “Endkaiserglaube und Kreuzzugsgedanke im 11. Jahrhundert.” ZKG 51 (1932): 384–414.

Flusser, David. “An Early Jewish-Christian Document in the Tiburtine Sibyl.” Pages 153–83 in Paganisme, Judaïsme, Christianisme: Infleunces et affrontements dans le monde antique: Mélanges offerts à Marcel Simon. Edited by A. Benoit et al. Paris: E. de Boccard, 1978.

Frankfurter, David. Elijah in Upper Egypt: The Apocalypse of Elijah and Early Egyptian Christianity. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 1993.

Geffcken, Johannes. Die Oracula Sibyllina. GCS 8. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1902.

Griffith, Karlyn. “Antichrist, Eschatology, and Romance in the Illustrated Harley Apocalypse, “Sibylle tiburtine,” and the “Tournoiement Antécrist” (MSS Harley 4972 and Douce 308).” PhD diss., Florida State University, 2014.

Haffen, Josiane. Contribution à l’étude de la sibylle médiévale. Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon 296. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1984.

Holdenried, Anke. “Christian Moral Decline: A New Context for the Sibylla Tiburtina (Ms Escorial &.I.3).” Pages 321–36 in Peoples of the Apocalypse: Eschatological Beliefs and Political Scenarios. Edited by Wolfram Brandes, Felicitas Schmieder, and Robekka Voß. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2016.

_________. The Sibyl and Her Scribes: Manuscripts and Interpretation of the Latin Sibylla Tiburtina c. 1050–1500. Church, Faith, and Culture in the Medieval West. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006.

Kampers, Franz. Kaiserprophetieen und kaisersagen im mittelalter. Ein beitrag zur geschichte der deutschen kaiseridee. Munich: H. Lüneburg, 1895.

Kraufs, Samuel. “Zur Erklärung der tiburtinischen Sibylle.” ByzZ 10.1 (1901): 200–203.

Kumaoka, Soline. “La tradition des oracles sibyllins dévoilée par les inscriptions des peintures des écoinçons du rond-point de Notre-Dame-la-Grande de Poitiers (fin XI e-début XII e siècle) : à propos d’un article récent.” Cahiers de civilisation médiévale 256.4 (2021): 303–26.

Kurfess, Alfons. “Augustinus und die Tiburtinische Sibylle.” TQ 131 (1951): 458–63.

Massip, Francesc. “La Sibylle tiburtine dans les mystères de la Nativité et de l’Epiphanie.” Revue des Langues Romanes 117.1 (2013): 49–78.

McGinn, Bernard. “Oracular Transformations: The ‘Sibylla Tiburtina’ in the Middle Ages.” Pages 603–44 in Sibille e linguaggi oracolari: mito, storia, tradizione : atti del convegno, Macerata-Norcia, settembre 1994. Edited by Ileana Chirassi Colombo and Tullio Seppilli. Pisa: Istituti editoriali e poligrafici internazionali, 1998.

__________. “Teste David cum Sibylla: The Significance of the Sibylline Tradition in the Middle Ages.” Pages 7–35 in Women of the Medieval World: Essays in Honor of John H. Mundy. Edited by Julius Kirshner and Susan F. Wemple. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985.

Mercati, Silvio G. “È stato trovato il testo greco della Sibilla Tiburtina.” AIPHOS 9 (1949): 473–81 (discovered Greek MSS K and Q).

Möhring, Hannes. Der Weltkaiser der Endzeit: Entstehung, Wandel und Wirkung einer tausendjährigen Weissagung. Mittelalter-Forschungen 3. Stuttgart: Thorbecke, 2000.

Nicklas, Tobias. “Authority and Canon According to Some Ancient ‘Christian’ Apocalypses: 5 Ezra and the Tiburtine Sibyl.” Pages 257–270 in Authoritative Writings in Early Judaism and Early Christianity: Their Origin, Collection, and Meaning. Edited by Tobias Nicklas and Jens Schröter. WUNT 441. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2020.

Ottewill-Soulsby, Samuel. “ʿAbbāsid-Carolingian Diplomacy in Early Medieval Arabic Apocalypse.” Millennium 16.1 (2019): 213–232.

Parke, Herbert W. Sibyls and Sibylline Prophecy in Classical Antiquity. Edited by B. C. McGing. London: Routledge, 1988.

Petkov, Julian. Altslavische Eschatologie: Texte und Studien zur apokalyptischen Literatur in kirchenslavischer Überlieferung. Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto, 2016 (see pp. 338–43).

Podskalsky, Gerhard. Byzantinische Reichseschatologie: die Periodisierung der Weltgeschichte in den vier Grossreichen (Daniel 2 und 7) und dem tausendjährigen Friedensreiche (Apok. 20) Eine motivgeschichtliche Untersuchung. München: W. Fink, 1972.

Rangheri, Maurizio. “La ‘Epistola ad Gerbergam reginam de ortu et tempore Antichristi’ di Adsone di Montier-en-Der e le sue fonti.” Studi medievali 14 (1973): 677–732.

Reinink, Gerrit J. “Ps.-Methodius: A Concept of History in Response to the Rise of Islam.” Pages 149–87 in The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East: Papers of the First Workshop on Late Antiquity and Early Islam. Edited by Averil Cameron and Lawrence I. Conrad. Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 1. Princeton: Darwin Press, 1992.

Secret, François. “Cornelius Gemma et la prophetie de la Sibylle tiburtine.” RHE 64 (1969): 423–31.

Shoemaker, Stephen. The Apocalypse of Empire: Imperial Eschatology in Late Antiquity and Early Islam. Divinations: Rereading Late Ancient Religion. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018 (see pp. 42–63, 73–75).

Shoemaker, Stephen. “The Tiburtine Sibyl, the Last Emperor, and the Early Byzantine Apocalyptic Tradition.” Pages 216–44 in Forbidden Texts on the Western Frontier: Proceedings from the 2013 York University Christian Apocrypha Symposium. Edited by Tony Burke. Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2015.

Tischler, Matthias M. “From Rome to Ripoll, Rioja, and Beyond: The Iberian Transmission of the Latin Tiburtine Sibyl and Oliba of Ripoll and Vic’s Europe-Wide Network of Knowledge Transfer and Learning.” Early Medieval Europe 30.4 (2022): 558–76.